1. Plant Cells, Tissues, and Organs

2. Plant Organ Systems
A plant has two organ systems: a shoot system and a root system.
The shoot system is everything that is above ground: the stem, leaves, buds, flowers, and fruits.
The root system is everything underground, as well as aerial roots.

4. The Shoot System The functions of the shoot system include
Photosynthesis,
Reproduction,
Storage,
Transport,
Hormone production.

5. What is Photosynthesis?
The word photosynthesis can be separated to make two smaller words:
“photo” which means light
“synthesis” which means putting together
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants make their own food.

6. How does it make food? To make food plants need: carbon dioxide water
sunlight
Carbon dioxide from the air passes through small pores (holes) in the leaves. These pores are called stomata.
Water is absorbed by the roots and passes through vessels in the stem on its way to the leaves.
Sunlight is absorbed by a green chemical in the leaves.

7. The Process of Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis takes place in the leaves of plants. The leaves are made up of very small cells. Inside these cells are tiny structures called chloroplasts. Each chloroplast contains a green chemical called chlorophyll which gives leaves their green color.
Chlorophyll absorbs the sun’s energy. It is this energy that is used to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen.
Oxygen is released from the leaves into the atmosphere.
Hydrogen and carbon dioxide are used to form glucose or food for plants.

9. The Leaf
Its most important job is to provide a large surface area for photosynthesis to take place
Upper surface
Made of a layer of dermal tissue called the epidermis
Epidermal cells secrete a waxy cuticle (top layer) that:
helps reduce water evaporation off of leaf
protects the leaf so it can perform its primary function, photosynthesis
sunlight passes through epidermal cells to photosynthesizing cells

10. Lower surface (underside)
Guard cells allow gases to move in & out of the leaf
these cells have special pores called stomata
transpiration happens through these pores
CO2 enters, H2O and O2 leave
transpiration = evaporation of water from the leaves

11. The Stem Has 2 main jobs: Xylem & phloem tissues are found here
support
transportation of water, nutrients and sugars
Xylem & phloem tissues are found here
Both are made of vertically stacked tubes
Most of a plant’s xylem tissue is found in the stem
when xylem cells die, they provide long, fibrous ‘pipes’ that allow water to be transported easily
Phloem’s cell walls are porous to allow materials to move easily between phloem & neighbouring cells
Xylem & phloem are grouped together in vascular bundles

12. Plant Body Stem: series of nodes and internodes Functions
Holds leaves up to light
Transports substances through vascular tissue
Phloem transports sugar throughout
Xylem conducts water
and minerals up from roots

14. Plant Body Root Functions Anchors plant in soil
Takes up water and minerals from soil

15. The Roots Also has 2 main jobs:
anchor the plant to the ground
allow for water and minerals to be taken out of the soil
In some plants, the roots act like a storage area for starch & minerals
Special cells in the roots called cortex cells serve to store starch (long chains of glucose)
Endodermis tissue controls water and mineral flow to vascular tissues
Pericycle tissue surrounds the xylem and phloem
it allows roots to branch out

16. Cross section of an Actual Root

17. Types of Roots
1. Taproot
One main root that grows larger and thicker than the rest
Allows plant to reach far underground for water
ex: dandelion, thistle
2. Fibrous root
Thin, hair-like roots
Allows plant to absorb water from near the surface of the soil
Help prevent erosion
ex: grass, yarrow

18. The Root System Two primary root system types:
Taproot system - Single primary root dominates over branch roots ( usually found in Gymnosperms and most Dicotyledons)

19. The Root System Two primary root system types:
Fibrous root system – A network of fine roots with no central dominant root. Fibrous root systems don't go as deep as taproots, but they spread laterally

20. Meristematic Cells form Tissues
Types of plant tissues:
1. Dermal tissue
2. Ground tissue
3. Vascular tissue

21. Three Types of Plant Tissues
Vascular Tissue
Transport
Support
Ground Tissue
Synthesis of Sugars
Storage
Dermal Tissue
Protection

22. Types of Plant Tissues 1. Dermal tissue  outermost part
Made of epidermal cells
These cells act as a barrier by:
protecting the more delicate inner tissues
controlling the exchange of materials
2. Ground tissue  middle layer
Made of photosynthesizing cells & support cells
3. Vascular tissue  innermost tissue
Xylem tissue transports water and dissolved minerals to the leaves, and phloem tissue conducts food from the leaves to all parts of the plant.

26. REPRODUCTION in
Flowering Plants

27. I. FLOWERS
Flowers are the organs of reproduction in flowering plants

28. Flowering Plant Reproduction
Pollen grains
Ovule
Flower
Meiosis
Mitosis
Flowers are modified leaves, specialized for reproduction.
Flower parts undergo meiosis to produce haploid products
pollen grain
ovule (contains egg cell)

29. Angiosperms (flowering plants)
Plants that protect their seeds within the body of a fruit.
Make up ¾’s of all plants, including:
Trees, shrubs, herbs,
grasses, water plants…

31. PARTS of the flower include:
Sepals: enclose the flower bud and protect it until it opens
Petals: attract pollinators

32. More flower parts-
Pistil: female reproductive organ; ovules contain the female gametophyte generation, located inside the ovary at the base of the pistil
Stamen: male reproductive organ, pollen grains contain male gametes and form inside the anther

33. Male Reproductive Structure
The stamen consists of two parts: Anther and Filament
The anther is where meiosis occurs to produce haploid pollen-the male reproductive cell
The filament is a stalk that supports (holds) the anther

34. Female Reproductive Structure
The pistil aka Carpel - consists of the stigma, style and ovary and ovule
The sticky stigma receives the pollen during fertilization
The pollen goes down a tube (style) from the stigma to the ovary

35. Female Reproductive Structure
The ovary, the femal reproductive organ where ovules are produced.
Ovules are the female reproductive egg – turns into a seed when fertilized by pollen

36. Ovary
Each ovule within an ovary has a micropyle (an opening for the pollen tube).
The ovules’ megasporangium undergo meiosis to produce four haploid cells (3 die leaving 1 megaspore)
The megaspore undergoes mitosis 3 times to produce 8 haploid cells within the embryo sac.

37. Reproductive Structures
Petals: colourful
structures that attract pollinators.
Sepals: surround and protect the flower bud.

40. Pollination
Wind, insects or other animals transfer pollen from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another
Flowers vary depending on pollination mechanism

41. Fertilization
After pollen lands on the stigma, a pollen tube grows down through the style to ovary
Generative cell creates the two sperm nuclei
Double fertilization occurs:
one sperm fertilizes the egg
one sperm the two polar nuclei together

42. Result of Double Fertilization
The sperm nucleus and egg nucleus join to form a 2n (diploid) embryo
The other sperm nucleus and the two polar nuclei join to form a 3n (triploid) endosperm. The endosperm is the food supply for the embryo.
First link

43. Seed and Fruit Development
After fertilization, the petals and sepals fall off flower
Ovary “ripens” into a fruit
The ovule develops into a seed

44. Pollination and Fertilization in a Flower
Mature Pollen Grain
Sperm Cells
Tube Cell Nucleus
1. pollen grains land on stigma
2. pollen tubes grow down stigma to ovary
3B: Fusion of 2nd sperm + two polar nuclei
Stigma
3. double fertilization
Style
Sperm
3A: Fusion of sperm + egg
Pollination and Fertilization in a Flower
Ovule
Polar nuclei
Ovary
Egg