1. Market-Friendly Growth Strategies for Sustainable Development
Inclusive Growth and Green Growth as
Market-Friendly Growth Strategies
for Sustainable Development
Hyun-Hoon Lee
Professor
Kangwon National University 1 1

2. References
1. Jeffrey Sachs, The Age of Sustainable Development, World Bank Talk (March 9, 2015)
2. Jeffrey Sachs, The Age of Sustainable Development, Coursera
3. OECD, Key OECD Documents on Green Growth
4. International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth, “What is Inclusive Growth?”
5. “Korea’s sustainable development can be attained with two wings of inclusive growth and green growth strategies”, by H. H. Lee, Joong Ang Ilbo

3. Contents 1. What is sustainable development?
2. What have been done by the international community?
3. Current status of sustainable development in the world?
4. Key Concepts of Inclusive Growth and Green Growth?
5. Strategies for Inclusive Growth
6. Strategies for Green Growth
7. Framework for Sustainable Development
8. Epilogue 3 3

4. 1. What is Sustainable Development?
As an individual, what is the ultimate goal?
More money?
Answer: Happiness of individual (personal well-being)
As a nation, what is the ultimate goal?
Large GDP? high income per capita?
Answer: Happiness of the people (national welfare or sustainable development)

5. Nation’s Welfare (Happiness)
1. What is Sustainable Development?
Nation’s Welfare (Happiness)
A nation's welfare can increase when the following conditions are met.
(1) Economic growth (Y): Increase in paid consumption of goods and services:
(2) Environmental protection (E): Increase in unpaid consumption of environmental services:
(3) Social equity (S): Decrease in desire (Increase in income equity) “One's prosperity makes another jealous”
i.e. W is a function of YES (W = Y*E*S), where Y = income, E= environmental sustainability, and S = social equity.

6. 1. What is Sustainable Development?
Sustainable Development meets the needs of the present without comprising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
The concept of UN’s Sustainable Development has the three components
“The achievement of sustainable development requires the integration of its economic, environmental and social components at all levels.” (United Nations Division for Sustainable Development)

7. 2. What have been done by the international community?
Brundtland Report, 1987
Also known as "Our Common Future", submitted by World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), which was founded in 1983
Alerted the world to the urgency of making progress toward "sustainable development”.
The report also highlighted three fundamental components to sustainable development: environmental protection, economic growth and social equity.
Following the recommendation of the report, the UN General Assembly decided to establish the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED).

8. 2. What have been done by the international community?
Earth Summit, 3-14 June 1992, Rio De Janeiro
The first UNCED, also known as the Rio Summit.
An important achievement was an agreement on the Climate Change Convention which in turn led to the Kyoto Protocol.
Produced the Rio Declaration consisted 27 principles intended to guide future sustainable development around the world.
Also produced Agenda 21, which is a comprehensive blueprint of action to be taken in every area in which humans impact on the environment.
Established Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD).

9. 2. What have been done by the international community?
Millennium Summit, 6-8 September 2000, New York
55th Session of the UN General Assembly
Adopted the Millennium Declaration and Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) – Target year: 2015

10. 2. What have been done by the international community?
World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), 2-4 September 2002, Johannesburg, South Africa (Rio+10)
Also called Earth Summit II and nicknamed "Rio+10".
Adopted the Johannesburg Declaration; but U.S. president George W. Bush boycotted the summit and did not attend.

11. 2. What have been done by the international community?
Earth Summit 2012: UN Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD), June 2012, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil (RIO+20)
Two themes:
(1) a green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication;
(2) institutional framework for sustainable development
Adopted the outcome document entitled “The Future We Want”
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are to be adopted and will serve as the successor framework to the MDGs after they expire in 2015.

12. 2. What have been done by the international community?
United Nations Sustainable Development Summit 2015, September 2015, New York
Adopted Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as the Agenda
Unlike the MDGs, which were drawn up by a small group of experts, SDGs have been drafted by and Open Working Group.
SDGs will be new development agenda for the period

13. SDGs

14. SDGs

15. SDGs Action-oriented? Concise? Easy to communicate? Limited in number
Aspirational?
Global in nature?
Universally applicable to all countries

16. 3. Current status of sustainable development?
There are no internationally agreed sustainable development indicator, but
Happiness Index (Sustainable Development Solutions Network, Happiness Foundation)
Better Life Index (OECD), Happy Planet Index (New Economics Foundation), Gross National National Happiness Index (Bhutan)
Human Development Index (UNDP)
Need for a development of SD index
Also need for a development of measurements of SDGs

17. Ranking of Happiness Index 2014-2016
Helliwell, J. R. Layard and J. Sachs eds., World Happiness report 2017

18. 3. Current status of sustainable development?
Economic Growth
GDP
GDP per capita
GDP, ppp
GDP per capita, PPP

19. World GDP per capita - Trend
Angus Maddison, "World Population, GDP and Per Capita GDP”

20. World GDP per capita

21. Korea GDP per capita - Trend

22. 3. Current status of sustainable development?
Environmental Sustainability (Biocapicity vs. Ecological Footprint)
Biocapacity of a country: the total usable biological production capacity in a given year of a biologically productive area of a country.
 Similar to environmental carrying capacity
Footprint of a country: the total area required to produce the food and fiber that it consumes, absorb the waste from its energy consumption, and provide space for its infrastructure.
 Similar to environmental pressure 22 22

23. ■ World’s Biocapacity vs. Footprint
Source: Global Footprint Network

24. ■ World’s Biocapacity vs. Footprint
Source: Global Footprint Network

25. ■ World’s Biocapacity vs. Footprint25 25

26. ■ World’s Biocapacity vs. Footprint26 26

27. ■ Korea’s Biocapacity vs. Footprint

28. 3. Current status of sustainable development?
Social Inequality
Income inequality
- Gini Coefficient, Theil Index, General Enthropy Index, etc.
- Rate of return on capital vs. rate of economic growth (Thomas Piketty Right, , Capital in the Twenty-First Century)
Gender inequality
- Gender Gap Index (World Economic Forum)
- Gender Inequality Index (UNDP’s Human Development Reports)

29. Global Income Inequality – Trend
The Economist, 2012, “For richer, for poorer”, October 13.

30. Gini Coefficient – Comparison of individual countries

31. Korea’s Gini Coefficient - Trend
OECD, Economics Surveys: Korea 2012

32. Global Gender Gap Index, 2016 – World Economic Forum

33. Gender Gap Index - Korea
World Economic Forum, Global Gender Gap Report, 2016

34. 3. Current status of sustainable development?
The UN has pursued sustainable development (SD), but with not much success.
 World’s ecological footprint has been rapidly increasing, thus degrading environmental sustainability.
 In many countries, economic growth has contributed to a decline in the poverty, it has also been accompanied by rising income inequalities.

35. 4. Key Concepts of Inclusive Growth and Green Growth?
Traditionally,
The three pillars of SD have been thought separately and policies have not been designed and implemented synthetically.
Also, the three pillars of SD have been often viewed as contradictory, or environmental sustainability and social equity have been viewed as residual outcomes of economic growth,
Accordingly, in many countries, economic growth was taken up as the first goal and environmental protection and social development were dealt with as secondary goals.
But,
Three pillars can be enhanced via synergy creating policies.
i.e., while pursuing economic growth, social equity and environmental sustainability can be enhanced.

36. 4. Key Concepts of Inclusive Growth and Green Growth?
Socially equitable growth
i.e., Economic growth that allows people to contribute to and benefit from economic growth .
Socially equitable growth has been termed as “shared growth”, “pro-poor growth”, “broad-based growth” and more recently “inclusive growth”.
Green Growth
Environmentally sustainable growth
i.e., Economic growth which is consistent with environmental sustainability.
Environmentally sustainable growth has been termed as “sustainable growth”, “clean growth”, and more recently “green growth.” 36 36

37. 4. Key Concepts of Inclusive Growth and Green Growth?
The Green Growth Initiative and Inclusive Growth Initiative should constitute two important “strategies” to achieve the ultimate, long-term goal of Sustainable Development.

38. 4. Key Concepts of Inclusive Growth and Green Growth?
Evolvement of Inclusive Growth
India adopted the theme of 'towards faster and more inclusive growth,' in it’s Eleventh Five-Year Plan, which runs from 2007 to 2012
ADB’s framework for inclusive growth in Strategy 2020 (April 2008).
OECD’s initiative for inclusive growth.
Evolvement of Green Growth
UNESCAP adopted as a new growth paradigm at Asia-Pacific Ministerial Conference on Environment and Development (MCED V), (March 2005).
Korea adopted “Low Carbon Green Growth” as a long-term growth vision (August 2008).
OECD adopted Green Growth as a new work agenda (July 2009) 38 38

39. 5. Strategies for Inclusive Growth
Creation of synergy between growth and social equity has to be created
Management of both supply side and demand side
Support for the long-term perspective
International Cooperation

40. IG 1. Creation of synergy between growth and social equity
Providing equal opportunities for high-quality education and training
Strengthen human capabilities of all members of the economy, including the disadvantaged and the bypassed.
Providing equal opportunities for employment
Create more employment opportunities and make them accessible to all, including the disadvantaged and the bypassed.
Strengthening “productive” social safety nets
Provide and strengthen social safety nets that can increase (not decrease!) capabilities and incentives of the disadvantaged and the bypassed to take part more actively in productive employment.

41. IG 2. Management of both supply side and demand side
Conventional social equity policy has focused primarily on the consumption side (i.e., income distribution).
Pro-poor growth has been promoted: providing monetary subsidy to the poor, unemployed, the aged, etc., thus reducing work incentives
However, supply side management is more crucial for the creation of synergy between growth and social equity.
Equal opportunities for high-quality education
Equal opportunities for high-quality employment
Productive social safety nets

42. IG 3. Support for the long-term perspective
Conventional social equity policy has been conducted on the short-term basis.
eg.
However, the long-term perspective is required.
The public sector needs to bridge the gap between long-term social benefit and short-term social cost to provide extensive training and education opportunities, etc.
The public sector also needs to bridge the gap between long-term social benefit and short-term commercial benefit to promote the active participation of the private sector in “socially inclusive” production activities.

43. IG 4. International Cooperation
International cooperation to support structural reform in developing economies.
eg.
International cooperation for education, training, migration labor, etc.

44. 6. Strategies for Green Growth
Creation of synergy between growth and social equity has to be created
Management of both supply side and demand side
Support for the long-term perspective
International Cooperation

45. GG 1. Creation of synergy between growth and environment
Internalization of environmental costs in price mechanism
Eg. 1: Green tax reform: Increase environment-related tax, while reducing income tax
Eg. 2: Subsidy reform:
Investment in environment-related industry
Strengthen the future industry by investing in environment.
Eg.: Subsidy for green R&D
Public investment in environment structure
Increase employment by public investment in environment structure, especially when the economy is down.

46. GG 2. Management of both supply side and demand side
Conventional environmental management has focused primarily on pollution control.
Eg.,
However, management of both supply side and demand side management is also required so as to increase eco-efficiency in both production and consumption process.

47. GG 2. Management of both supply side and demand side
Environmental sustainability can be achieved not just with pollution reduction, but rather with improving eco-efficiency in both production and consumption sides.
 Determinants of environmental sustainability
 Flows of Production and Consumption

48. GG 3. Support for the long-term perspective
Conventional environmental has been conducted on the short-term basis.
eg.
However, the long-term perspective is required.
The public sector needs to bridge the gap between long-term social benefit and short-term commercial benefit to promote the active participation of the private sector in environmental R&D.
Creation of new growth engines for the future.

49. IG 4. International Cooperation
International cooperation to reduce barriers to trade and investment in environmental goods and services (EGS).
To ensure environmental sustainability to be consistent with keeping global trade and investment open and free, without raising new barriers to trade and investment.
eg.
International cooperation to expedite green technology transfer to developing economies

50. 8. Epilogue I –Framework for SD
Sustainable Development
Green growth
Inclusive growth 50 50

51. 7. Epilogue I – Principles of Economics by Mankiw
Mankiw, N. Gregory, 2014, Principles of Economics, 7th ed., Cengage Learning.

52. 7. Epilogue I – Principles of Economics by H.-H. Lee
Part I. Introduction
Part II. Happiness, Welfare, and Sustainable Development
Part III. Microeconomics
Part IV. Externalities and Market Failure
Part V. Macroeconomics
Part VI. Sustainable Development in the Long-run
Market and social inclusiveness
Market and environmental sustainability
Inclusive growth and green growth for Sustainable Development

53. 7. Epilogue II – Questions for Review
1. Critically explain Green Growth and Inclusive Growth strategies for Sustainable Development.
2. Explain some market-friendly Green Growth strategies that were not identified in class.
3. Explain some market-friendly Inclusive Growth strategies that were not identified in class.

54. Hyun-Hoon Lee