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Nucleic Acids Large polymers Made of linked nucleotides 2 types
Components of a nucleotide? A nucleotide consists of a 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base 2 types
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DNA / RNA structure DNA RNA Sugar Nitrogenous bases Shape
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DNA is anti-parallel One strand is “flipped” in relation to the other
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CELL CYCLE IN EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Fig. 8-5 CELL CYCLE IN EUKARYOTIC CELLS INTERPHASE G1 S (DNA synthesis) First gap phase -growth -normal cell activities -DNA copies (replicates) itself G2 Second gap phase -growth -cell prepares for mitosis Cytokinesis Mitosis MITOTIC PHASE (M) Mitosis = division of the nucleus Cytokinesis = division of the cytoplasm
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Semi-conservative replication
The new strand consists of one old DNA and one new DNA strand Two strands separate Nucleotides come and pair with their complementary base DNA replication Semi-conservative replication
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DNA replication starts at an origin of replication (many in eukaryotes) forming replication bubbles
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Enzymes involved in replication
Helicase unwinds the double helix DNA polymerase builds the new DNA strand DNA ligase “glues” DNA fragments together
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DNA Polymerase Adds nucleotides to a growing nucleic acid chain
Can ONLY add to the 3’ end of the chain Result: The two sides of the DNA molecule are copied differently
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Function of DNA????? But where is eukaryotic DNA found?
Where are proteins built?
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Central idea of genetics
Flow of genetic information in organisms Trait
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template Where would this occur? Where would this occur?
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Structure of a chromosome made up of DNA and Protein
many genes on single chromosome Structure of a gene
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3 types of RNA all coded for by the DNA in the nucleus tRNA Transfer RNA mRNA Messenger RNA rRNA Ribosomal RNA
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Process of Transcription
Step 1 Initiation The promoter is sequence of DNA recognized by RNA polymerase Determines which of the two strands will act as the template
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Step 2: Elongation RNA polymerase moves down the DNA elongating the mRNA strand based on the sequence in DNA RNA will use Uracil to base pair with Adenine
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Step 3: Termination When RNA polymerase reaches the terminator region on the DNA it will stop and release the mRNA
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template Codon: 3 nucleotide sequence that specifies one amino acid or signals translation to stop
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Who are the players in translation??
mRNA tRNA Ribosomes (made of protein and rRNA)
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mRNA
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tRNA
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Made of rRNA and Protein
Ribosome Made of rRNA and Protein Large subunit
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Initiation of Translation
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Elongation of the polypeptide chain
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Termination
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TACGTTGCGACGATC AUGCAACGCUGCUAG Met - Gln - Arg - Cys
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RNA processing in Eukaryotic cells
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Prokaryotic cell No RNA processing
Transcription and translation may occur simultaneously
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AIDS research Malaria Recently, scientists engineered several rhesus macaques to express GFP, along with a protein that pre-disposes the animals to Huntington's disease, a neurodegenerative disorder. The researchers used GFP to confirm that the monkeys had received the disease-causing gene
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Prokaryote transcription and translation can occur simultaneously no nucleus
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Prokaryotic cell Transcription and translation may occur simultaneously No RNA processing
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Semi-conservative replication
The new strand consists of one old DNA and one new DNA strand Two strands separate Nucleotides come and pair with their complementary base DNA replication Semi-conservative replication
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Enzymes involved in replication
Helicase unwinds the double helix DNA polymerase builds the new DNA strand DNA ligase “glues” DNA fragments together
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DNA Polymerase Adds nucleotides to a growing nucleic acid chain
Can ONLY add to the 3’ end of the chain Result: The two sides of the DNA molecule are copied differently
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