1. Unit-11 task 2 1

2. Definitions of different measures used for energy
What is energy: Energy provides the body with fuel to be able to perform strong and effectively. Here are some different measures of energy.
Definition of joules: SI unit of work or energy.
Definition of calorie:
Is the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water.
Definition of kilocalorie: Is a unit of energy of one thousand calories.
Definition of kilojoule: especially as a measure of the energy value of foods. 2

3. Definitions of he sources that provide energy.
Sources of energy: source4s of energy are different types off foods from fats, carbohydrates and proteins which supply the body with energy they all do there own individual thing.
Proteins: maintain, and replace the tissues in your body. It also helps the body grow and helps replace cells by making new ones. Proteins are important in sports as they help repair any damage to bones and muscles.
(17kJ (4 kcal) per gram)
Carbohydrates: carbohydrates provide you with most of your energy as they take up half of your daily intake and are converted into blood glucose or blood sugar. (17kJ (4 kcal) per gram)
Fats: Fat is a back up source from the carbohydrates. When all the glycogen has been removed from the body by exercise the body then goes to the fats as a source of energy to keep going. (37kJ (9 kcal) per gram) 3

4. Measuring requirements
There are many different ways you can work out your muscle to fat ratio and you can also work out your energy levels. There are different types of equipment you can use to carry out the test.
There are three different ways to measure body composition.
Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) which helps measure body fat percentage bone density. BIA is done by sending a small electrical signal through the body which then helps determine the amount of fat present as it travels easier through parts of the body made up more of water as it wont travel through fat or bones. Why is it done? It is done to help determine the amount of fat present in the body it is also done to find out a persons muscle percentage and some athletes also want to find out their bone density.
Skinfold analysis which measures the amount of body fat underneath the skin. The tester pinches the skin at the appropriate site to raise a double layer of skin and the underlying adipose tissue, but not the muscle. Why do people use skin fold calipers? They use them to estimate the body fat level by the measurement of skinfold thickness this can also like the BIA help the determine their body fat percentage. However it is not as accurate as the BIA.
Hydrodensitometry: Hydrodensitometry is a type of underwater weighing, It is a classic way to measure body composition. Why is it done? the aim of underwater weighing is to measure the density of the body, and from that figure calculate percentage body fat. How is it done? The person is weighed when Dry. The athlete then in minimal clothing, sits on a specialized seat and expels all the air from their lungs. They are now lowered into the tank until all body parts are emerged. The athlete must remain motionless underwater while the underwater weight is recorded. This procedure is repeated several times to get a dependable underwater weight.
Body composition: Body composition is used to describe the percentages of fat, bone density, water and the muscle percentage in a persons body. There are two types of body composition body fat and fat free mass.
Body fat is the fat within the body it can be located in the muscles, under the skin and around organs .Fat free mass is the water in the body the muscles and tissues and the bones the things that help the body function properly.
Lean body mass: is known as weight that you carry around your body that isn't fat. Its most commonly used in body builders they want to drop weight while keeping there lean body mass.
Percentage body fat: is the total mass of fat divided by total body mass it is a measure of fitness. It is different between both men and women, women tend to have a greater body fat than men. 4

5. Direct calorimetry: measures the heat output produced by a subject.
Indirect calorimetry: is the measurement of the amount of heat produced by an subject by determination of the amount of oxygen consumed and the amount of carbon dioxide eliminated.
Body weight:
is the mass of which a person is made up of it is split into body fat and fat free mass. Body weight is usual measured in Kg and can be done anywhere using just a pair of scales . 5

6. Basel metabolism What is Basal Metabolism (BMR)?
Basal metabolism is the minimum amount of energy needed for the body to be able to function at complete rest.
What is Metabolic Rate (MR) ?
Metabolic rate is the rate at which your body uses energy to perform different types of necessary functions.
BMR is important because it allows you to know if your body is receiving enough calories in order to survive. It is important in sports performers such as boxers they need to know how much calories they are taking in how much they are burning and how much they should be consuming in order to work with what they are loosing. As the person gets older the Basel metabolic rate will increase.

7. Age
Regular exercise and skill development are vital parts of growing up. However, heavy weight training and extreme distances should not be attempted by children as both affect joints and growth. When you are younger you are able to work for a long time and at a good rate but as you get older your body tends to slow down.
With age the HRM tends to decrease as you get older which means you are unable to work as hard as you used to. Also with age your arteries tend to harden which means the blood flow to the muscles reduce so it makes it harder to work as hard as you used to and as long as you used to. The muscles in the body also decrease in size and strength.

8. Gender
In sports gender separates both men and women as men tend to have a higher muscles mass than women. This is because men have higher testosterone levels which means bigger and stronger muscles. They are also found to have longer heavier bones than women.
Women tend to carry more body fat than men and have a lower muscle mass however they tend to be more flexible due to lower muscle mass.

9. Climate In sports the climate can have a big impact.
Cold: Low temperatures put a greater load on your metabolism - As temperatures fall, so blood pressure increases as blood is taken away from the skin surface increasing the amount in the core. This puts extra strain on the heart. The body loses more heat, it has to work harder to maintain a stable temperature by generating more heat. The most easily and quickly metabolized fuel, glucose, is used for heat generation first over use for muscular contraction.
Heat: The heat can have a big impact on an athlete such as a runner it can lead to dehydration during a race it is important for the athlete to drink a lot before the race a little during and they also need to take in a good amount of Fluid replacement is critical for events in high heat and humidity. Fluid replacement starts before an event, continues during it, and doesn’t stop until long afterwards.. It can also cause increased body temperature which could cause cramps in the muscle and more likely to cause injury.

10. Physical activity
Your physical fitness depends on your age, gender and Basel metabolism. They all play a different part in your physical fitness and activity E.G the older you get the less likely you are going to be able to work as hard and as long as you did. Gender will affect it as it could limit you to what you could do and take part in it could mean your physical fitness is not built up of muscular strength more like flexibility. And your basel metabolism affects the way your body uses energy.