1. Chapter 25

2. Indian Independence
August 14, 1957

3. Invasions Indus Valley Civilization 2500 BCE Aryans 1500 BCE
Invaded through Hindu Kush
Pushed dark skinned Dravidians south
Persians, Greeks
Unsuccessful invasions
Muslims
1500 CE established Mughal Empire

4. Khyber Pass

5. Europeans Traders from Europe
French, Dutch, Portuguese
British – gain control through East India Tea Company
1857 Indians revolt, put down by British gov’t
Raj lasts almost 100 years

6. Mohandas Gandhi leads nonviolent resistance

7. Government
Democracy
Difficult with many languages, cultures, religions

8. Economy Subsistence farming Land reform Green Revolution
5% hold 25% of land
Green Revolution
“new” agricultural practices
Crop yields went up, but are now declining
Many reverting to organic practices

9. Industry Textiles, clothing Iron ore, steel
High tech centers in Mumbai, Bangalore

10. Marriage and Family Arranged marriages Bride price (dowry) Vegetarian
Female children not wanted
Son takes care of parents
Vegetarian
Education valued

11. Hinduism 4 Main Varnas Brahmans Kshatriyas Vaisyas Sudras Untouchables
Preparing and sharing of food reveals how castes are ranked.
Food cooked in oil and prepared by a Brahmin can be accepted and eaten by any caste below it.
Food cooked in water can generally be accepted by one’s own caste members or inferior castes.
Leftover, uneaten food almost always is taken only by the very low castes.
Food that can be eaten raw is the most freely distributed and can be accepted by any caste from any caste.
In addition, prasad, blessed food that is left over from religious offerings, is given to anyone regardless of caste.
There is also a range of pure and impure foods.
Vegetables and grains are purer than meat and eggs.
Fish is the purest of the non-vegetarian foods, followed by chicken, goats, pork, and water buffalo;
the most impure is beef.
Sweet pastries, fried in deep fat, are among the most widely acceptable foods from any caste.
By observing how food is prepared and with whom it is shared, one can begin to determine the ranking on a purity-pollution scale of the caste groups involved.
4 Main Varnas
Brahmans
Priests, scholars
Kshatriyas
Rulers, warriors
Vaisyas
Farmers, merchants
Sudras
Peasants, laborers
Untouchables

12. Reincarnation The four goals in Hindu thought
duty (dharma)
pleasure (kama)
wealth and power (artha)
release from samsara (moksha) or liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth and all of the suffering and limitation of worldly existence
God is in 3 parts: Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva

13. Pakistan and Bangladesh
Indus Valley civilization
Very advanced in2500 BCE
Partition
British split country along religious lines
Forced migrations of thousands
Left lasting enmity and violence

14. Government Pakistan Bangladesh
Elected military ruler Gen. Pervez Musharraf
Benazir Bhutto opposition leader, calling for elections
Bangladesh
2 former Prime Ministers in jail for corruption

15. Kashmir

16. Economy High population growth Subsistence farming
Irrigated lands – Indus valley
Flooding in Bangladesh
Textiles, clothing
Microcredit – small ($25) loans

17. Islamic culture, many ethnic groups

18. Nepal and Bhutan

19. Isolation Mountain barrier Landlocked Constitutional monarchies
Limited resources
Subsistence farming
Timber and deforestation
Tourism
Tourism good/bad
Brings income
Leaves environmental problems
Trash
Pollution
Environmental degradation

20. Image courtesy Binod Joshi/Associated Press Trash, especially from abandoned equipment like oxygen cylinders, is a huge problem at Mount Everest. Here Appa Sherpa, who has climbed Everest 11 times, looks at some cylinders collected by the Nepalese government.

21. Culture Many ethnic groups Nepalese mainly Hindu
Sherpas famous guides
Nepalese mainly Hindu
Bhutanese mainly Buddhist

22. Islands Sri Lanka Intense fighting over resources between groups
Sinhalese 500 BCE
Buddhists
74% of population
Tamils 300 BCE
Dravidian Hindus driven south by Aryan invaders
18% of population
Intense fighting over resources between groups
Tamils defeated, 2009
Maldives
500 BCE settled by various groups from India
Arab traders brought Islam
Muslim sultans ruled
1968 became republic
Only 300,000 people

23. Economy Sri Lanka Maldives Challenges
Agriculture, including tea and rice
Large plantations
Maldives
No arable land
Tourism
Fishing
Challenges
Global warming