1. Starter Using Lego… Create a representation of either… Functionalism
Marxism
Feminism
You need to be able to explain why you have done your model that way.

2. Perspectives… A quick pit stop!

3. Sociology Social Action Theory Structural Theory
Sees us as entirely shaped by the structure of our society (the way society is organised or set up)
Human behaviour is shaped by the norms, values and rules than govern society.
Society determines our behaviour – puppets on a string being manipulated by society.
Sees us as having free will and choice
Emphasises the power of the individuals to create society through their actions and interactions - AGENCY
Create an image out of play doh to represent these
Think about your educational experiences and choices:
In what ways to you have freedom of choice about your education?
In what ways are your choices shaped by wider society (e.g. Parents, jobs, college, university?

4. Sociology Structural Theory Social Action Theory Consensus Conflict
Sees us as entirely shaped by the structure of our society (the way society is organised or set up)
Human behaviour is shaped by the norms, values and rules than govern society.
Sees us as having free will and choice
Emphasises the power of the individuals to create society through their actions and interactions - AGENCY
Structural Theory
Social Action Theory
Consensus
Conflict
Interactionism
Feminism
Functionalism
Marxism
Theory can be said to be like looking at society through different lenses – each give it a different perspective or appearance.

5. Functionalist view of society
Structuralist theory
It is a CONSENSUS theory – meaning society has an agreement about the core beliefs, norms and values of society (what is right and wrong). Consensus provides unity and harmony in society – without it, society would collapse into chaos where no one would be able to agree on how people should conduct themselves.
Social institutions (e.g. Family, education..) socialise /’teach’ individuals how to internalise society’s core values, creating a SOCIAL ORDER – patterns of shared and predictable behaviour
Society is a social system based on VALUE CONSENSUS (shared values) of what is right and wrong
When everyone follows the value consensus, we have SOCIAL SOLIDARITY, a sense of belonging to a community
Functionalists see society in a positive terms – harmony will produce a well functioning society

6. What might these organs represent in British society
What might these organs represent in British society? (use your booklet to see the various institutions)
Like organs in the body, if all the institutions (organs) in society are FUNCTIONING in harmony it will remain healthy.
In your earlier activity – you all worked together as a team, performing certain roles and functions, just like society
Justify why you think so
Then – think critically about what would happen to society if this FUNCTION was removed or began to malfunction (break-down).

7. Functionalist view of society
If change happens in one part of society (failure in an institution), change will happen in other parts
If one or other of these vital institutions starts to malfunction, then society becomes dysfunctional.
For example – the Recession in the UK – how could a change in the economy (a social institution) affect the other institutions in society?

8. Specialised division of labour:
Functionalists also believe that division of labour enables society to function
This is when cooperating individuals within society perform specific tasks/roles
E.g. nurse, policeman etc.
Complete the task on division of labour

9. Value consensus + Specialized division of labour = Social order
Summary:
A quick way of learning the key principals of Functionalism can be conducted by remembering the following formula:
Value consensus + Specialized division of labour = Social order

10. Present new information:
Structural Theory
Consensus
Conflict
Feminism
Functionalism
Marxism
Think / pair / share activity
What do you think the term CONFLICT means? What does this mean in context to society?

11. Present new information:
Marxism and Feminism states there is CONFLICT in our society and certain groups within society are constantly being exploited.
It is important to note that these perspectives do not want society to be this way – they have highlighted the conflicts so that change in our society can be achieved.
Think / pair / share activity

12. Marxism: Structuralist theory – can you remember what this means?
Society is organised economically that is responsible for the behaviour of individuals
Marxism believes that society is in a permanent state of CONFLICT
Capitalism results in two groups of people- proletariat (working class) and the bourgeoisie (the ruling class) = conflict
NB-Capitalism is the name of the economic system based on the private ownership of business
The Bourgeoisie exploit the proletariat (the working class are unaware of this – called a false class consciousness) – because they are more powerful as they own greater property/wealth, therefore exploit the working class to protect their wealth = inequality
The Bourgeoisie control the institutions (education, media, religion) which leads to class inequality
Meritocracy - Everyone is given an equal opportunity and individuals achieve rewards through their own effort and ability
The bourgeoisie try to get the proletariat to be believe this as part of their ruling class ideology
Working class believe their position in society is therefore deserved and they don’t realise that they are being exploited!!
Marx believe meritocracy was a myth!
Leading to the rich getting richer and the poor becoming poorer (polarisation)

13. Marxism: Is there a solution?
Marxism believes the way to solve this problem is communism!
Communism is an ideology that seeks to establish a classless, stateless social organisation based on common ownership of the means of production (all people should own factories, farms etc)
Eventually the proletariat will become conscious of the exploitation and have a revolution!! – the two classes will clash and communism will replay the conflict-based societies.

14. You are a worker in our factory:
Marxism:
Example:
You are a worker in our factory:
The factory makes chairs. You get paid £5 an hour and in an hour you make on average 10 chairs. You work 8 hours a day and have an hour for lunch (not paid). The chairs sell for £20 each. The work gives you just enough to support you and your family in the house you are living.
How much do you earn in a day?
How much does your boss (Mr. Wakefield) get for each chair you make in an hour?
Who owns all the buildings, machinery, tools and raw materials?
What would happen to you if the factory closed?
What would happen to your boss (Mr Wakefield) if the factory closed?

15. Marxism Bourgeoisie Proletariat Exploit
They don’t realise they’re being exploited because ruling class ideology (ideas/thoughts) maintains false class consciousness(unaware they are being exploited)
Exploit
Proletariat
Marxists do not like this, they believe that eventually the proletariat will become conscious of the exploitation and have a revolution!!

16. Feminism Structuralist theory – can you remember what this means?
It is a CONFLICT theory – source of inequality and conflict is gender
Men exploit women in all areas of life (e.g. home, work, education)
Feminists argue that society is patriarchal-men have more power
There are different types of feminism:
Liberal feminism – concerned with campaigning against sex discrimination and for equal rights and opportunities for women (e.g. equal pay)
Marxist feminism – women are oppressed due to capitalism as women produce the labour force
Radical feminism – they believe men are the source of women’s oppression and exploitation and wants to remove the patriarchal society
Difference feminism – despite the equal moral status of men and women, there are genuine differences between the sexes and those differences need not all be considered “equal.”
Examples in your booklet of how women are exploited by men

17. Feminism Is there a solution?
Feminism sees society as women being exploited by men
Even though they see society in this way – they aim of feminism is to end men’s dominance and rid society of the exploitation of women

18. Feminism Men Women Liberal Feminists Exploit Marxist Feminists
Radical Feminists

19. Feminism Men Women Liberal Feminists Exploit
Focuses on measures to ensure that women have equal opportunities with men within the present system.
Women

20. Feminism Men Women Marxist Feminists Exploit
Emphasizes the way in which women are doubly exploited as both women and workers
Women

21. Feminism Men Women Radical Feminists
Exploit
Focuses on the problem of men and male domination under patriarchy (where men dominate every area of society)
Women

22. To be able to describe the interactionism perspective in Sociology
Learning Objective:
To be able to describe the interactionism perspective in Sociology

23. What would you do?
You are walking down the street with a friend when an elderly lady drops her bags and appears visibly distressed by this. There are no other people nearby.
A group of your new school friends are going out tonight and have asked you to join them but one of them is really loud and has made fun of you a few times in front of the others.
You are walking down the street with a friend when a drunken man falls over and appears to have hurt himself. There are no other people around.

24. The meaning we give to a situation influences how we behave.
Interactionism
These meanings can act as labels which can become a person’s master status (overrides all others).
The meaning we give to a situation influences how we behave.
He is no longer John, who is good at Maths, plays football and goes to Scouts. He is a ‘hooded youth’, he’s disrespectful towards authority, anti-social and dangerous!

25. Sociology Structural Theory Social Action Theory Consensus Conflict
Sees us as entirely shaped by the structure of our society (the way society is organised or set up)
Human behaviour is shaped by the norms, values and rules than govern society.
Sees us as having free will and choice
Emphasises the power of the individuals to create society through their actions and interactions - AGENCY
Structural Theory
Social Action Theory
Consensus
Conflict
Interactionism
Feminism
Functionalism
Marxism
Theory can be said to be like looking at society through different lenses – each give it a different perspective or appearance.

26. Interactionism:
Social Action theory
Reject the structualist assumption that behaviour is determined by organisation of society – individuals create society through our actions and interactions with people – we have an active role in shaping social life
Focus on the individuals rather than society as a whole
We are not puppets of society!
Although focus on individuals, other people in society do influence the way we think/behave
We try to make sense of our own and others behaviour
We interpret each situation and work out what is happening
We apply meaning to behaviour
We acquire knowledge about appropriate behaviour in certain situations e.g. dancing at a party

27. Construct:
Complete the activity to demonstrate how our interactions with other’s can shape our behaviour
Think / pair / share activity

28. Self-concept: What is a self-concept?
Self-concept: the way a person sees or defines themselves
Interactionists believe our self-concept develops from our interactions with others
Think / pair / share activity
Complete the activity in your booklet on Anna

29. Labelling theory:
Labelling theory – how we label people affects their self-concept which can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy – a prediction that makes itself come true (e.g. if people think you are aggressive and treat you negatively you are more likely to become aggressive)
Labels have the power of a master status - a label or status that can override all others e.g. criminal
Think / pair / share activity

30. Elaborate/Apply: Shoplifting in Chicago:
Mary Cameron (1964) investigated shoplifting in Chicago department stores. She found that stores did not automatically prosecute everyone suspected of shoplifting because of the difficultly of proving the case. She noticed instead, that store detectives made assumptions of what the ‘typical shoplifter’ is like (black, adolescents) and kept them under surveillance. The detectives were unlikely be suspicious of people they saw as ‘respectable’ (tended to be middle class, white). They were more likely to press charges if the person was black (9% of arrests made were white women; as opposed to 42% of women who were black) – and were 6x more likely to be jailed than white women.
Think / pair / share activity
In pairs - What would Interactionists say about Cameron’s findings?
How would this differ from a structualist point of view of crime?
Cameron’s study shows how people’s beliefs about others influences how they act towards them. Interactionist sociologists see crime as not being caused by ‘society’, but an outcome of labels people apply to others in their interactions with them.

31. To be able to describe the postmodernism perspective in Sociology
Learning Objective:
To be able to describe the postmodernism perspective in Sociology

32. Modernity
Industrialisation
Urbanisation
Science has the answer!

33. Postmodernism:
Over the past 20 years some sociologists have argued that modernity is breaking away and being replaced by postmodernism
Using the information in your booklets on postmodernism – summarise the key features of what this means?
Think / pair / share activity

34. Postmodern Society Changing work patterns
Media, consumption and identity
Moved away from Marxism and feminism because of globalisations – now live in a postmodern society
Scepticism- science can’t solve everything!

35. Postmodernism: Work-not dominated by mass factories. More flexible
Culture-we are a media saturated society since we have become wealthier. We organise our lives around this
Identity-celebrates diversity. Influenced by culture
Knowledge-sceptical about the power of science
Globalisation- expansion of transnational companies- emphasis on consumption

36. So…
Class, family, gender are no longer relevant when explaining processes in society
Due to globalisation there is no one theory which can explain behaviour within society – we are all individual and unique
Moved away from Marxism and Feminism
Sociologists can no longer make judgements about what's best for society. Sociology is just one set of ideas, people can choose to believe it or not!

37. To be able to describe the New Right perspective in Sociology
Learning Objective:
To be able to describe the New Right perspective in Sociology

38. The New Right: Political perspective
The New Right have very conservative beliefs
They believe in the importance of self-reliance and individual choice
Having an over generous welfare system (i.e. benefits) has lead to an underclass
The New Right are concerned about what they see as the breakdown of society and wish to see a return to traditional family values (nuclear family)

39. Read this newspaper article:
Elaborate/Apply:
Read this newspaper article:
Is this article supporting or criticising the main ideas of the New Right? – be prepared to explain why
Think / pair / share activity

40. Sociological perspectives:
Each group – you are going to be given some plastic cups and straws
You are going to work together and take responsibility to create a model to represent one perspective in sociology
You will then be presenting your model to the class and explain what it represents and why
Think / pair / share activity

41. Prize for the best/most creative display!
Homework:
Each group is going to be given one perspective in sociology and you will need to create a display on the key features of that perspective – include images, key terms, a summary of the key features
This will be displayed in our room to help you refer back to over the course of the year.
Prize for the best/most creative display!
Think / pair / share activity

42. QUIZ TIME
Go to Enter code: cmAAtkab7 Answer the questions… I can view your results live!