1. Phase 2 of the French Revolution
Radical Phase and the Reign of Terror ( )
Phase 2 of the French Revolution

2. September Massacres continue
September Massacres - gangs of armed sans culottes
began a wave of killings in Paris from September 2 – 7, 1792.
This marked the beginning of the Radical Phase of the Revolution
Over 1500 people were killed in Paris, including about 200 priests, hundreds of Swiss guards & many petty criminals.
At Versailles, a mob broke into the prison and slaughtered 30 inmates including a former minister to Louis XVI.
The highest profile victim was Princess Marie Thérèse, a lady-in-waiting to the queen. She was not a political figure but her proximity to the queen had made her a target - Princess Marie-was taken from a prison in Paris by a vicious mob, was brutally gang-raped murdered and dismembered - her head removed and her breasts & genitals were hacked off.
No one was prosecuted for the killings.
This violence spread to the countryside and other cities.

3. Phase II: The Radical Phase Begins (1792-1795)
September 21, 1792: Legislative Assembly dissolved. The NATIONAL CONVENTION replaces it. RESULT:
Constitution of 1791 put aside
Republic Established
Monarchy Abolished & king is no longer a king
King now a common citizen & prisoner of the state
December 3, 1792: King indicted on 33 crimes
King tried, found guilt of TREASON & sentenced to death
King Louis says goodbye to his family January 1793

4. Fate of the Royal Family
If the royal family lived, the monarchy could be restored.
So the royal couple was tried and convicted of treason
- Louis XVI was guillotined Jan. 1793
- Marie Antoinette guillotined Oct 1793
Daughter Marie-Thérèse was allowed to go to Vienna in 1795
- She could not become queen because of a law, which did not allow females to succeed to the French throne
Son Louis-Charles, Louis XVII ( ) was beaten and mistreated until he died in prison

5. Phase 2: The Reign of Terror
A year after the September Massacres marks the beginning of the Terror- September 3, It Ends in July 1794.

6. Vocabulary Phase 2 Reign of Terror Maximilien Robespierre
committee of Public
Safety

7. Robespierre
A French lawyer and politician, he was a member of the 3rd Estate in the Estates General He opposed the death penalty and slavery. He wanted equality of rights, male suffrage, and a republic. In 1791, he was named: incorruptible, an honor bestowed upon him by the people, for his purity of principles, his modest ways of living, and his refusal of bribes.
He put the internal stability of the people ahead of the militarism of the Assembly which wanted to declare war in 1792.
He led the 12­man Committee of Public Safety of the National Convention in 1793.
He governed France at the height of the radical phase of the revolution. He was once a fairly liberal enlightened thinker but changed

8. National Convention forms:
Reign of Terror:
National Convention forms:
Committee of Public Safety: its goal was to protect Revolution from its enemies
Maximilien Robespierre now
the leader & becomes dictator
Had absolute power
Tried to save the Revolution
Put a huge tax on people to pay for war
Draft 300,000 men ages 18 to 40 in 1793
by 1794 army = 800,000 including women
In charge of trials and executions
300,000 arrested and given fake trials called tribunals; no writ of habeas corpus
12,000 guillotined including leaders of the revolution;
85% of those guillotined were urban poor, middle class or peasants for whom the revolution was started
Many executed under Robespierre for not being radical enough so they are traitors

9. Reign of Terror: Victims
“Suspects shall be locked up…proof to convict is…any kind of evidence… if proof already exists…no need for witnesses…penalty is death.”
55 year old man was accused of keeping food in his barn for Austrian troops so was guillotined
37 year old bar owner sold sour wine to French soldiers and was guillotined
A wagoneer was given 12 years of hard labor during which he said ‘Long Live the King’ so he was executed
A woman wept at the news of her husband’s death sentence was forced to sit at the blade to watch him beheaded then was executed
Oldest executed 94 year old woman; youngest 14 year old girl

10. More Terror and Violence
In Lyons, France 300 were executed by canon because guillotine too slow
In Nantes, France 2000 towed to river and sunk on a barge…all drowned and birds ate them
In total there were 25,000 summary executions meaning a person is accused of a crime and then immediately killed without benefit of a full and fair trial.
Estimated death toll : 203,000

11. The End of the Reign of Terror
July 27, 1794 – Reign of Terror ends
In last 132 days more than 2100 were executed, most were from former 3rd estate
Convention sends Robespierre and other members of the Committee of Public Safety to the guillotine
Robespierre was guillotined on July 23, It is over
The End
Guillotine Toll: nobles – clergy middle class workers or peasants

12. Terror Review
What type of government did the Radical Phase start with?
Why was the committee of public safety formed?
Who was Robespierre?
How many people were arrested by the committee? How many executed by the committee?
How did the Radical Phase end?