1. Constantine: Christian Emperor?
The Romans: Case Study
Chapter 4

2. Arch of Constantine c. AD 312-315
The Forum Romanum
The Colosseum
Source: Photo by A. Graham.

3. Recycling imagery on the Arch of Constantine
‘Constantine arch datation en’. File derived from: Constantine_arch_datation.svg. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-
Share Alike 2.5 via Wikimedia Commons.

4. Panel from monument of Marcus Aurelius The emperor receiving a barbarian leader
Note the way the
loyal soldiers shield
the emperor with
their armour & bodies.
Marcus Aurelius’
hair & beard have
been recut as short-
cropped & clean-
shaven Constantine
The barbarian leader
is identified by his
helmetless head &
wavy locks. His head
is above the rest,
looking desperately at the emperor.
Source: ‘Constarch d4’ by Wilson Delgado. Licensed under public domain via Wikimedia Commons:

5. Hadrianic roundels Sacrifice to the Classical scene of hunting
goddess Diana
Classical scene of
a hunt, possibly
of a lion or a bear
Source: ‘Luk Konstantyna 6DSCF0032’. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons:
wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Luk_Konstantyna_6DSCF0032.JPG#mediaviewer/File:Luk_Konstantyna_6DSCF0032.JPG. Labels by A. Graham.

6. Arch of Constantine CIL 6.1139
Looking closely, one can see the fractured text and the beautifully carved letters.
The small holes are for bronze letters.
Source: Photo by A. Graham.

7. The inscription: CIL 6.1139 = ILS 694
IMP · CAES · FL · CONSTANTINO · MAXIMO · P · F · AVGUSTO · S · P · Q · R · QVOD · INSTINCTV · DIVINITATIS · MENTIS · MAGNITVDINE · CVM · EXERCITV · SVO · TAM · DE · TYRANNO · QVAM · DE · OMNI · EIVS · FACTIONE · VNO · TEMPORE · IVSTIS · REM-PVBLICAM · VLTVS · EST · ARMIS · ARCVM · TRIVMPHIS · INSIGNEM · DICAVIT To the Emperor Caesar Flavius Constantinus, the greatest, pious, and blessed Augustus, the Senate and people of Rome, because by divine inspiration (and) greatness of mind, with his army he avenged the state against both the tyrant and his whole army at one (and the same) time, with righteous arms, have dedicated (this) arch conspicuous with (scenes of his) triumphs. Translation by A.E. Gordon, An Illustrated Introduction to Latin Epigraphy, University of California Press, 1983, pp

8. Constantine the Colossus
Iphone:
For Scale
Source: Photo by A. Graham.