1. Ulysses and Finnegans Wake Represented by Nazila Manafi
Professor:Dr.Alavi
M.A student of English literature at Azad university of Tabriz
2013

2. Ulysses and Finnegan’s Wake
James Joyce
Ulysses and Finnegan’s Wake

3. James Joyce born in Dublin to an impoverished family
educated by the Jesuits
left Ireland for medical school in Paris at 21
returned to the continent in 1904 with Nora Barnacle
spent most of his life on the continent (Paris, Italy, Switzerland) in dire poverty

4. Introduction
James Joyce is one of the most innovative novelists of the 20th century and one of the great masters of stream of consciousness writing.

5. Biography Irish novelist and poet
Born in 1882 in Dublin, the son of a poverty-stricken civil servant
In 1898, studied at Dublin’s University College
and graduated in 1902
Raised in the Roman Catholic faith, he broke with the church while he was in college

6. 1904 – left Dublin with Nora Barnacle, a chambermaid whom he eventually married
They and their two children lived in Trieste, Italy, in Paris, and in Zürich, Switzerland
Joyce supported his family by woring as a language instructor and by gifts from patrons
After 20 years in Paris, early in World War II, when the Germans invaded France, Joyce moved to Zürich, where he died on January 13, 1941

7. Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916)
Important Works
Dubliners (1914)
Exiles (1914)
Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916)
Ulysses (1922): considered by some the greatest novel ever written
Finnegan’s Wake (1939)

8. An oppressed people (British colony) Agitation of late 1800’s
Irish Catholic
An oppressed people (British colony)
Agitation of late 1800’s
Parnell and Home Rule
Betrayal and disappointment

9. Born into new Catholic middle class Family’s decline Jesuit education
Early Years
Born into new Catholic middle class
Family’s decline
Jesuit education
Education in the City of Dublin
Vocation: from Priest to Poet

10. Meets Nora Barnacle (June 1904) Leaves Ireland (October 1904)
Love and Exile
Experiences Paris ( )
Death of Mother (1903)
Meets Nora Barnacle (June 1904)
Leaves Ireland (October 1904)
The Continent: Trieste, Rome, Zurich, Paris

11. Dubliners (1914)
15 stories, written (12), 1906 (2) and 1907 (“The Dead”)
“My intention was to write a chapter of the moral history of my country and I chose Dublin for the scene because that city seemed to me the center of paralysis.”
“I always write about Dublin, because if I can get to the heart of Dublin, I can get to the heart of all the cities of the world. In the particular is contained the universal.”

12. Joyce on Dubliners
“I have tried to present it to the indifferent public under four of its aspects: childhood, adolescence, maturity and public life. The stories are arranged in this order.”
“I have written it for the most part in a style of scrupulous meanness.”
“What’s the matter with you is that you’re afraid to live. You and people like you. This city is suffering from hemiplegia [paralysis] of the will.”

13. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916)
Highly autobiographical (but beware!)
A declaration of artistic independence
Highly modernist: stream-of-consciousness, confluence of naturalism and symbolism
Long composition: essay (“A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man” ~ 1904), early novel (Stephen Hero ~ ), finished novel ( , 1914)

14. Joyce and Modernism The Experience of World War I (1914-1918)
Pound’s dictum: “Make it new”
The Great Questioners: Marx, Nietzsche, Darwin, Freud
An era of Revolution
Fragmentation
Order: myth, art

15. James Joyce represents a different sort of change.
Style of writing
James Joyce represents a different sort of change.
His novels do not simply reflect changing political and social times, as Forster’s did.
He found a new way to write about them as well.

16. James Joyce’s concept of time
No plot,
No story,
No punctuation, no syntax
Past, present and future are blended in a single time  psyche time
Facts are condensed in very few hours  interior time is more important than the real time
 stream of consciousness  narrative device to depict the different thoughts and feelings passing through the mind.
James Joyce’s intention: to report characters’ thoughts

17. An extract from James Joyce’s Ulysses
Past:  […] the sun shines for you he said the day we were lying among the rhododendrons on Howth head in the grey tweed suit and his straw hat the day I got him to propose to me yes […]
Present: what an unearthly hour I suppose theyre just getting up in China now combing out their pigtails for the day well soon have the nuns ringing the angelus […]
Future:  to put about the place in case he brings him home tomorrow today I mean no no Fridays an unlucky day  […] whatll I wear shall I wear a white rose or those fairy cakes in Liptons […]
Ulysses, James Joyce
The disorder of the mind is represented by different features:
no organization into paragraphs,
no punctuation,
coordination is predominant.
Fusion between different times like past, present and future and between different locations  Associations in Molly’s mind.
 the real voyage the one of the mind.

18. Virginia Woolf’s concept of time
In Virginia Woolf’s literature, the mind has a very important role  it has different processes.
“Her endless search for the novel-form which would substitute the single time unit of the fleeting instant for the restful time sequence of days, months and years” (Mrs. Dalloway)
Two techiques:
Fixed subject in space and its consciousness moves in time (time-montage)
Fixed time and its spatial element changes (space-montage)
Use of the “stream of consciousness”  perfect balance between her characters’ inner speculations and the realism of the situations

19. The evolution of Joyce’s style
Interior monologue with two levels of narration
Extreme interior monologue

20. The most important features of Joyce’s works
Greater importance given to the inner world of the characters.
Time  perceived as subjective.
His task  to render life objectively.

21. The setting of most of his works  Ireland, especially Dublin.
He rebelled against the Catholic Church.
All the facts  explored from different points of view simultaneously.

22. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
Portrait of the Artist is an autobiographical novel about growing up in a Catholic family in Dublin.
The central character is called Stephen Dedalus.
We can call it a bildungsroman as it is a novel of development which ends with Stephen losing his faith.

23. Christchurch Cathedral, Dublin

24. The great modernist epic Mythic method: the past and the present
Ulysses (1922)
The great modernist epic
Mythic method: the past and the present
Extends Joyce’s experiments with style to the extreme: style becomes the plot
“With me, the thought is always simple”
“I have discovered that I can do anything with language I want”

25. Ulysses
Instead of the wanderings of Homer’s Ulysses/Odysses over the geographical world, Joyce shows the mental wanderings of a character in Dublin for the space of about 20 hours.

26. Ulysses
This formless, plotless novel records the thoughts, shades and fleeting flashes of the mind, suggestions etc., as they rise, and is written in a great variety of styles, to correspond with the mood of the moment, ranging from the simplest to the highly poetical, from the vulgar to the beautiful.

27. Ulysses
Joyce represents both the interior and exterior worlds of his characters. The realistic descriptions of the external events are mixed with historical, literary, religious, and geographical allusions, while interior monologue is used to recreate the characters’ most intimate and random thoughts.
Word, play, puns, and gross jokes are mixed with highly intellectual verbal exchanges. The triviality of everyday life is sometimes described in minute detail, while elsewhere there are intensely poetic passages and a variety of styles that range from the literary to the journalistic.

28. Dublin
Ulysses is an incredibly detailed description of people and places in Dublin.
The central character is a Jewish advertising copywriter called Leopold Bloom.

29. The action in Ulysses takes place all in one day - 16th June 1904.
Bloom’s Day
The action in Ulysses takes place all in one day - 16th June 1904.
Because the story is so detailed, fans of the book can visit all the places mentioned.
Every year on this day, people visit Dublin and celebrate the novel.
This day is now called Bloom’s Day after Leopold Bloom.

30. Each chapter of Ulysses represents about an hour of the day.
One Day
Each chapter of Ulysses represents about an hour of the day.
It begins around 8am when Leopold Bloom gets up.
It ends around 2am the following morning.

31. The end of the novel is a monologue by Leopold’s wife, Molly.
Final Chapter
The end of the novel is a monologue by Leopold’s wife, Molly.
She is thinking about meeting her husband as a girl and him proposing to her.
It ends with her saying “Yes, I will, Yes.”

32. Very, very, very difficult
Ulysses is often thought to be one of the most difficult novels to understand that has ever been written.
People spend their whole lives studying all the subtle elements of the novel.

33. Modernist literature was written particularly between 1900 and 1920.
Modernism
Modernist literature was written particularly between 1900 and 1920.
Ulysses is a very important example of this genre.
A feature of modernist literature is awareness of the genres of literature that have come before.

34. The Odyssey is an ancient Greek poem by Homer.
It was written some time in the 8th century BC.
Joyce based the structure of Ulysses upon the Odyssey.

35. The Odyssey
Ulysses is divided up into 18 parts which have been given names taken from the Odyssey.
These names have been decided by scholars of Ulysses, not Joyce himself.

36. In Ulysses Joyce copies existing styles to give them new meaning.
Literary Techniques
Pastiche:
Pastiche is like PARODY, but it does not necessarily intend to mock the original.
In Ulysses Joyce copies existing styles to give them new meaning.

37. Allusions are references to, or quotes from, other literary works.
Literary Techniques
Allusions:
Allusions are references to, or quotes from, other literary works.
There are so many literary allusions is Joyce that whole books have been written devoted to cataloguing them.

38. Stream of Consciousness or interior monologue:
Literary Techniques
Stream of Consciousness or interior monologue:
This is an attempt to write in the way that people really think.
It means that normal rules of grammar are ignored.

39. Molly
The final chapter of Ulysses is the best example of stream of consciousness.
It is divided into just 8 very long sentences, and describes the jumble of thoughts that Molly is having as she lies in bed.

40. Controversial
Ulysses was incredibly controversial because of its style and its content.
It has a lot of explicit references to sex, and it was banned in the UK until the 30s.

41. Leopold
One of the most famous modern criticisms of Ulysses is that Leopold Bloom (if he was real) would not be able to understand it.
This argument says that Joyce is an elitist, writing only for a very small number of educated people.

42. On symbolism in Ulysses
“To each chapter he gave a title, a scene, an organ, an art, a colour, a symbol and a technique; so that we are in a tower, school, strand, house, bath, graveyard, newspaper, office, tavern, library, street, concert room, second tavern, a lying-in hospital, a brothel, a house and a big bed. The organs include kidneys, genitals, heart brain, ear, eye, nose, womb, nerves, flesh, and skeleton. The symbols vary from horse to tide, to nymph, to Eucharist, to siren, to Virgin, to Fenian, to whore, to heart mother. The technique ranges from narcissistic to gigantic, from tumescent to hallucinatory, and the styles so variable that the 18 episodes could really be described as eighteen novels between the one cover.”

43. On the language of Ulysses
“Language is the hero and the heroine , language in constant fusion with a dazzling virtuosity. All the given notion about story, character, plot, and human polarizings are capsized.”

44. Ulysses and Modernism
It is the story of a journey but it is an interior journey and represents man’s mental,emotional and biological reality.
Characters are more than individuals: They are a representation of human nature that is divided between intellect and sensuality the author uses“The my thical method”.

45. Ulysses
The interior monologue is the sort of image of the activites of mind. There is a new idea of time and of unconscious. The interior journey is the journey of all humanity.
The mythical method is the result of discourse made by psychology, ethnology and anthropology.

46. Modernist literature
Modernist literature focused heavily on experience s of the city space, and the result on conceptions of human life and communication of living in urban centres. The implications of modernist representation of the city is that city life produces a heightened consciousness of the relationships between individuals, and of the diversity and multiplicity of social and cultural experiences].

47. THE MYTHICAL METHOD
T. S. Eliot praised Joyce’s innovative device of using an ancient myth to interpret contemporary experience; instead of a narrative method - he said - he used a mythical method which pointed out the loss of values in the modern world as compared with antiquity.

48. Joyce believed in the impersonality of the author
Joyce believed in the impersonality of the author. The formal aspect of fiction was very important for him, as well as the problem of the point of view. In order to ensure that his works carried no ‘messages’ from himself, he adopted different points of view, different narrative techniques, different linguistic styles, appropriate or paradoxical to different characters or situations. In this way he hoped to solve the problem of how to present the fragmented, multifaceted nature of reality and how to convey the subjective dimension of experience.

49. It was Joyce’s opinion that the artist’s task was neither to teach nor to convince, but to make people aware of reality through their own subjective perception. Therefore he sought a form which would make a literary work as ‘impersonal’ as possible.

50. The modernist writer no longer pointed out and explained the meaning and the values of the world he was depicting but he had to provide all the separate elements of the picture which would enable to readers to reach their own conclusions.

51. Criticism(ulysses) Semiotic Deconstruction Post-structuralism
Feminism
Marxist

52. FINNEGANS WAKE (1939)
In his last and most complex work Joyce carries his linguistic experimentation to the limits of comprehensibility. The novel recounts a single night’s events in the life of a Chapelizod publican, Humphrey Earwicker. The plot is apparently simple: Humphrey goes to bed, falls asleep, has a dream, is awakened by the cries of one of his children and falls back asleep. The next day life goes on as usual.

53. There are, however, no fixed events, characters, times or places and everything is described in highly manipulated language, which includes idioms, curses, nursery rhymes, literary quotations and new words made by combining parts of words from various languages. Despite the immense richness of the language, the book’s complexity and impenetrability intimidated both the critics and the reading public.

54. Joyce wrote Finnegans Wake in a language that he had invented (capable of keeping linguists busy for the next four hundred years – which was Joyce’s own intentions), a mixture of linguistic fragments and borrowings from other languages.

55. “If Ulysses was a book about daytime Finnegans Wake was a book of the night. Dream and riddle, myth-making, syllepses, syllogism, naturalism, supernaturalism, fabulism, kings and giants along with Sir Tristam, violer d’amores […] Finnegans wake is a journey into the unconscious attempting to be conscious”.

56. Ulysses and Odyssey
Ulysses , like odyssey , is the story of a journey and return to exile after the confrontation with death;
Characters we can identify a correspondence between odyssey and ulysses: Ulysses is Leopold Bloom, Penelope is Molly Bloom and the role of Telemacus is assumed by Stephen Dedalus;
The novel countdown free epic tradition, not telling the fate of hero, but a common day of a modern man in his peregrination;

57. The eigtheen chapter in to which Ulysses is divided are closely related to Homeric episodes, besides, each episod develop a theme alluding to color , a symbol , an organ of body and is further characterised by the use of a different narrative technique.

58. Psychological Novel
A psychological novel, also called psychological realism, is a work of prose fiction which places more than usual amount of emphasis on interior characterization, and on the motives, circumstence and internal action which springs from and develops external action.

59. In some case the stream of consciousness technique, as well as interior monologues, may be employed to better illustrate the inner workings of the human mind at work.

60. Stream of consciousness
“Stream of consciousness” means a carefully modulated poetic flow. The author always describes the possibilities of moving between action and contemplation, between specific external events in time and delicate tracings of the flow of consciousness where the mind moved between retrospect and anticipation.

61. In the literary sense stream of consciousness is a special style interior monologue; while an interior monologue always presents a character’s thougth ‘directly’ , without apparent intervention of a summerising mingle them with imperations and perceptions , nor does it necessarily violate the norms of grammer , syntax and logic , but the stream of consciousness techinque also does one or both of these things.

62. The different use of stream of consciousness
In James Joyce
Intellectual analysis of human being supported by a searched and brave language ( metaphors and new words) and without the inseriment of the third person narrator
extreme objectivity of events, and the narrator is covered
in Virginia Woolf
Use the third narrator, and indirect interior monologue to represent a gap between chronological and interior time, the retoric speech of analogy represents a lighthouse for the reader
the narrator is also present, he helps the reader to orient in the text

63. A war refugee: fled Paris, arrived in Switzerland
Death of Joyce
A war refugee: fled Paris, arrived in Switzerland
Illness of daughter Lucia
Despondent over reception of Finnegans Wake
Died on 13 January, 1941, 3 weeks after reaching Switzerland

64. The end
Source: timagul102/james-joyce-pot and notes during english lessons, notes of teacher in site, and