1. Managing Urban Transport
LO: Explain the management of transport in urban areas, including the public versus private debate

2. Starter: Cross-London Race
Watch this video about a race across London to get you thinking about the issue of traffic congestion.

3. The public versus private debate i. e
The public versus private debate i.e. managing the use of private transport e.g. the car versus managing public transportation
Think about:
Is it better to manage public or private transport or do we need both?
Why do you think different approaches might be needed?

4. Question:
Describe the pattern shown on this graph (3)

7. The consequences of poor traffic management USA

8. Traffic Facts and Figures from the USA
What it Costs
America's families spend more than 19 cents out of every dollar earned on transportation, an expense second only to housing, and greater than food and health care combined.
The individual cost of congestion exceeded $900 per driver in 1997, resulting in more than $72 billion in lost wages and wasted fuel.    
Lost Time
Congestion results in 5.7 billion person-hours of delay annually in the United States.
Drivers in one-third of U.S. cities spend more than 40 hours a year (an entire work week) in traffic that is not moving.    
Safety and Health Concerns
In 2003 there were more than 6.3 million motor vehicle crashes reported to police. Of those, 38,252 crashes resulted in fatalities.
In 2001, crashes were the leading cause of death for people ages 4-33 in the United States.  
  Public Transportation
For every passenger-mile traveled, public transportation is twice as fuel-efficient as private automobiles, sport utility vehicles and light trucks. (Source: Centre for Transportation Excellence)
If one in 10 Americans regularly used mass transit, U.S. reliance on foreign oil could decline by more than 40 percent, or nearly the amount of oil imported from Saudi Arabia each year.    
The Environment
A regular rush-hour driver wastes an average of 99 gallons of gasoline a year due to traffic.
On-road vehicles are responsible for 44 percent of all carbon dioxide emissions in the United States, one-third of all nitrogen oxide emissions and one-quarter of all volatile organic compound emissions.

9. Solutions to traffic problems

10. Fill in the table using the video clips and textbook info
Strategy
Public/
private?
Case Study name
Description and explanation
Congestion Charge
Bike share scheme
Park and Ride

11. Bike share schemes e.g. Barclay’s Bikes, London Velib, Paris, B-Cycle, Houston
Barclay’s Bikes, London: B-Cycle, Houston:

12. BIKE SHARING SCHEMES
Santander Cycles is a public bicycle hire scheme in London, United Kingdom. The scheme's bicycles are popularly known as Boris Bikes, after Boris Johnson, who was the Mayor of London when the scheme was launched.
The operation of the scheme is contracted by Transport for London. The scheme is sponsored, with Santander UK being the main sponsor from April 2015.[Barclays Bank was the first sponsor from 2010 to March 2015.
BCH commenced operations in July 2010 with 5,000 bicycles and 315 docking stations distributed across the City of London area and parts of eight London boroughs.
As of March 2012 there were some 8,000 cycles and 570 docking stations in the scheme, which had been used for over 19 million journeys.
Recent customer research showed that 49 per cent of Barclays Cycle Hire members say that the scheme has prompted them to start cycling in London.
During the 2012 Olympic Games, a record of 47,105 cycle hires were made in a single day.

13. Houston B-Cycle
Houston B-cycle is a bicycle sharing system owned and operated by Houston Bike Share a non-profit organisation.
The program launched May 2012 with just 18 bikes at 3 stations.
May 2013, Houston B-cycle expanded from 3 to 25 stations and 215 bikes.
The program aims to expand to 1,000 bikes at 100 stations by the end of 2017 to include the Texas Medical Center and local universities, as well as additional neighborhoods such as Houston Heights, Midtown and Montrose.

14. Map of B-Cycles in Houston

15. Evaluation Why may a bike scheme work better in London than Houston.
List at least 3 points.

16. Bike sharing schemes
Houston has adopted its own bike sharing scheme but it is much more limited in its extent as it is a low density city
Work best in compact (high density cities) such as those in Europe e.g. London and Paris)

17. London’s Congestion Charging Scheme – A Case Study of Urban Congestion Management

18. Watch these videos to add to your case study notes…
BBC News - Congestion charge zone expands
London: Ten years on: Has London's congestion charge worked?

19. London’s Congestion Charging Scheme – A Case Study of Urban Congestion Management
The London congestion charge is a fee charged on most motor vehicles operating within the Congestion Charge Zone (CCZ) in central London between 07:00 and 18:00 Monday to Friday. It is not charged at weekends, public holidays or between Christmas Day and New Year's Day. The charge, which was introduced on 17 February 2003 and is one of the largest congestion charge zones in the . The charge aims to reduce congestion, and to raise investment funds for London's transport system.
The geographical scale of the scheme
The current congestion charge zone covers the area within the London Inner Ring Road (which includes both the City of London, which is the main financial district, and also the West End, which is London's primary commercial and entertainment centre.
Benefits of the scheme:
It reduces congestion and therefore reduces time wasted.
Reduces pollution. Fewer cars will lead to less pollution.
Make city centres are more attractive for pedestrians and cyclists, which will help increase quality of life.
Makes drivers pay social cost of driving. Driving in city centres leads to consequences for the rest of society. The main costs include congestion, pollution and accidents. Congestion is estimated to cost the UK economy over £20bn a year in terms of extra costs for business (time wasted).
Reduces Journey Time. This is good for business, but also helpful for emergency services in getting to serious injuries quicker.
There has been a six per cent increase in bus passengers during charging hours
By law, all net revenue raised by the charge (£148m in financial year 2009/10) has to be invested in improving transport in London.

20. Changes to the scheme
Spring 2010: Western extension scrapped

21. The congestion charge zone

22. London’s Congestion Charging Scheme – A Case Study of Urban Congestion Management
Produce a detailed case study of the Congestion Charges scheme in London, UK. By producing your case study you should develop your understanding of the following:
How the scheme actually works – how is money collected?, how are cars monitored? 2. The geographical scale of the scheme. 3. The successes of the scheme.
4. Who is for and against the scheme and why? 5. Any negative impacts about the scheme. 6. The future of the scheme.
Page 27 green book
Page 47 red book

23. Example 3 mark question

24. Answer:

25. Park and Ride – Cambridge, UK
Use page 29 in green textbook to add to your notes on the Cambridge park and ride scheme

26. For a named example of a Park and Ride system describe its aim and how it works. (5 marks)

27. Sustainable Transport Houston
In cities such as Houston, Texas creating a sustainable public transport network is a problem as the city has sprawled rapidly outwards, occupying a total land area of 650 square miles. Many sustainable transport solutions therefore rely on the continued use of private vehicles.
The city’s freeways also offer HOV (High occupancy vehicle lanes) to try to encourage car pooling to decrease Co2 levels through fewer vehicles on the road.

28. Houston B-cycle is a bicycle sharing system owned and operated by Houston Bike Share a non-profit organisation.
The program launched May 2012 with just 18 bikes at 3 stations.
May 2013, Houston B-cycle expanded from 3 to 25 stations and 215 bikes.
The program aims to expand to 1,000 bikes at 100 stations by the end of 2017 to include the Texas Medical Center and local universities, as well as additional neighborhoods such as Houston Heights, Midtown and Montrose.

29. Need a car for a few hours near Houston, TX
Need a car for a few hours near Houston, TX? Zipcar is an alternative to car rental and car ownership. It's a car, but only when you need one. Check out the map below. Enter an address, zip code, or neighborhood to find Houston, TX Zipcars.

30. Review
Watch this video clip about how New York is learning to combat traffic congestion from London, Paris and Copenhagen.

33. Exam Question
Outline how transport is being managed in urban areas. You should refer to a number of different sustainable schemes in your answer. (6)

34. Outline how transport is being managed in urban areas
Outline how transport is being managed in urban areas. You should refer to a number of different sustainable schemes in your answer. (6)
There are a number of different ways to combat urban transport problems e.g. poor air quality and emission levels, congestion and accidents. The congestion charging zone in London is a scheme that aims to address these problems. It charges private cars a fee of 10 pounds to visit the city during peak times (7am-6pm Mon-Fri). This has reduced traffic in central London by 21% and the funds raised from congestion charging are being used to further improve public transport. These schemes can be seen as sustainable as they are limiting the impact that transport emissions could have on climate change that may impact on current and future generations.

35. Recent articles