1. Chapter 15- The Muslim Empires

2. Ottoman Empire
Turks- groups from central Asia, spread west 9th-11th centuries
Seljuk Turks took over Abbasid caliphate, enemies of Byzantines
Ottoman Turks- Osman rewarded with land after fighting Mongols, Anatolian Peninsula
Geographic advantage- Byzantines, Muslims
Expansion- Balkans, Slavs

4. Ottoman Empire Janissaries- elite troops, allegiance to sultan
Use of new weapons, firearms
Mehmet II – Constantinople 1453
Continued expansion- Safavids, Mamluks (Meso and Egypt) North Africa
Emperor Selim claimed caliph
Locals allowed to govern, trade, piracy

5. Ottoman Empire
Suleyman the Magnificent- advancement into Europe (Danube, Hungary, Austria), control of western Med Sea
Europeans could not ignore and treated Turks like other countries- alliances, trade
New try to advance met by alliance of Europeans, defeat (Vienna)
Slow decline of Ottoman power

6. Ottoman Rule Sultan- supreme authority
Learned/adapted Byzantine and Persian customs
Problems with succession
Topkapi Palace- Istanbul, center of power
Harem- elite group, queen mother
Not all about sex, political power

7. Ottoman Rule Imperial council- vizier Bureaucracy- merit
Similar to fief holdings, feudalism
Sunni Muslims- generally tolerant of others unless seen as a threat
Non- Muslims paid head tax, conversions
Millet- religious group, responsible for behavior, taxation, education, justice, welfare

8. Ottoman Rule Women- more freedoms than elsewhere, divorce, property
Decline came after Suleyman- son Selim II (“drunken sultan”)
Internal dissention, corruption, constant war decreased treasury
Influence of Western culture, materialism

9. Ottoman Art Pottery, rugs, silk, arms, jewelry
Architecture most important
Open floor plan (Hagia Sophia), domes, minarets, windows
Decorations- mosaics, bright colors, geometric designs
Rugs, silks

10. Safavids After Tamerlane (Mongol) decline- chaos
Founded by Shah Ismail- ancestor to Ali
Controlled Iraq, Iran, Baghdad
Conflict with Ottoman Turks
Copied Janissaries, military from Ottomans
Abbas the Great- strengthen, stabilize dynasty

12. Safavids
Internal problems- increase in power of Shi’ias, decrease in religious orthodoxy
Women lost rights, “behind the veil”
Others took advantage of weaknesses and attacked, rulers fled
Brief restoration- battle with Mughals in India
Mixed population of people, used religion to unify

13. Safavids Shah- political and religious leader, Shi’a power
Used foreigners in gov’t to avoid competition
Directly involved in economy- check up on locals, no direct contact with Europe, limited trade
Capital- Isfahan, architecture, blue tiles
Silk, painting

14. Mughals Unification of subcontinent of India- under Islamic foreigners
Influence of Europeans- decline
Founder was Babul (Mongol descendent)
Weapons, cavalry- northern India
Son chased out but aided by Safavids to return to power
Akbar- peak of power, “gunpowder empire”

16. Mughals Akbar- took steps to reconcile different religions, tolerance
Married to Hindu, learned of Christianity, classical Indian ideas, hostility to Islam
Divine Faith- combination of religions with control by emperor
Not embraced by many people, Hindus given more power/jobs

17. Mughals
Tolerance in legal system- Hindus not made to pay head tax, follow own laws
Overall time of peace and prosperity
Strong father- weak son
Brief resurgance- Shah Jahan
Taj Mahal- built in memory of wife, expensive
Aurangzeb- controversial (ex. elimination of sati)

18. Mughals Reversed religious tolerance, revolts
Portuguese monopoly of trade
England- remained present as Mughal power declined, able to exert influence- Ft William
Dutch/French attracted to trade in area
Power of British East India company- conflict with gov’t, major step in English dominance

19. Mughals Money made was sent back to England and weakened local trade
British slowly took over and enforced own rules and laws
Locals unable to mount significant challenge to British
Real influence of Mughals on life of Indians is hard to tell- women, Hindus

20. Mughals
Time of synthesis- Islamic, Persian, native Indian art and culture- architecture
Taj Mahal, Red Fort
Painting- now on paper
Imitation of European art
Printing not available until end of Mughals
Persian- poetry, language