1. Ponds Pond: a body of water on the ground that is smaller than a lake.
Typically, a pond has no surface outflow draining off water and are often spring-fed.
Hence, because of the closed environment of ponds, such small bodies of water normally develop self contained eco-systems

2. Vernal Pond Vernal: of, relating to, or occurring in the spring
Vernal pond: appears in spring, dries up in summer, may reappear in fall

3. Vernal Ponds are bodies of water formed by snowmelt and spring rains, often drying up by midsummer. Most animals that live in vernal ponds stay when the water dries up, burying deep into the soil until the water returns.

4. Dry vernal pond which dried up in August.

5. Spring-fed Pond

9. Manmade Ponds

17. Life in a Healthy Pond

20. Dragonfly larva

21. Green Frog

25. Caddisfly

26. Stonefly nymphs

27. Damage to Ponds Disturbing the pond bottom Invasive plants Fertilizers
Pesticides

31. Dichotomous Key Plant identification using couplets.
A couplet is two (or three) descriptions.
Choose one, then follow to next couplet.

32. Dichotomous Key I) Plant with stems 1) Plant stem with no thorns
A) Leaves are opposite on stem
i) Leaves are entire DOGWOOD
ii) Leaves have toothed edges ARROWWOOD
iii) Leaves are smooth or lobed JAPANESE HONEYSUCKLE nn
B) Leaves are alternated on stem
i) Leaves are entire HUCKLEBERRY
ii) Leaves have toothed edges
a) Seeds are in catkins ALDER
b) Seeds are in berries ORIENTAL BITTERSWEET nn
2) Plant stem with thorns
B) Leaves are alternate on stem
i) Leaves are entire GREENBRIAR
ii) Leaves are divided (compound)
a) Thorns are straight PRAIRIE ROASE
b) Thorns are curved MULTIFLORA ROSE nn

33. Sand/humus Humus Clay

34. Box Turtle

35. Damage to Ponds
Fertilizers
Pesticides
Invasive Plants

37. Protecting Ponds Avoid Pesticides near ponds Remove invasive plants
Remove roots of invasive plants

38. Plant Removal

41. Multiflora Rose

43. Forsythia

47. Red Mulberry (Morus rubra)

48. End