1. RNA and Protein Synthesis

2. SWBAT Define a gene and explain its function
Genes

3. Genes Coded DNA instructions Control the production of proteins
First step is to copy part of the nucleotide from DNA to RNA

5. SWBAT compare and contrast DNA and RNA

6. DNA Structure Review
Double Stranded
3 part Subunit- Nucleotides

7. DNA Structure Review Double Stranded 3 part Subunit- Nucleotides
“Deoxyribose” Sugar
Phosphate Group
Nitrogenous Bases
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine

8. RNA Structure Long chain of nucleotide monomers Single stranded
Copy of DNA information that can leave the nucleus

9. RNA Structure Long chain of nucleotide monomers Single stranded
Copy of DNA information that can leave the nucleus
Nucleotide:
5-Carbon sugar (ribose)
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous bases
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
Adenine (A)
Uracil (U)

10. Function of… in Protein Synthesis
DNA
RNA
Stores genetic information
An instruction manual for building proteins
Transmit genetic information to help build proteins

11. Function of… in Protein Synthesis
DNA
RNA
Stores genetic information
An instruction manual for building proteins
Transmit genetic information to help build proteins

13. OBJ: list the types and functions of RNA
Types of RNA

14. Types of RNA Most important job is protein synthesis
Assemble amino acids into proteins

15. IMPORTANT INFORMATION ENCLOSED!
Types of RNA
Three main types:
Messenger RNA (mRNA) – carries the instructions from DNA out of the nucleus to the ribosome
To: Ribosomes
IMPORTANT INFORMATION ENCLOSED!
Handle with care!
From:
D. Ribonucleic Acid
Nucleus Ave
I made it through the Nuclear Envelope!

16. Types of RNA Three main types:
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – makes up the ribosome and is used to assemble the proteins at the ribosome
I build Proteins out of Amino Acids!

17. Types of RNA Three main types:
Transfer RNA (tRNA) – transfers each amino acid to the ribosome as needed by the code of the RNA molecule
Boss says he needs this one!
Amino Acid
tRNA

18. Protein Synthesis
mRNA
rRNA
tRNA

19. Protein Synthesis
mRNA
rRNA
tRNA

20. Protein Synthesis
mRNA
rRNA
tRNA

21. Protein Synthesis
mRNA
rRNA
tRNA

22. Protein Synthesis
mRNA
rRNA
tRNA

23. RNA types

24. OBJ: describe the structure and functions of proteins in an organism

25. Genes and Proteins
Genes = the instructions for assembling a specific protein
Proteins are built out of Amino Acids

26. Genes and Proteins
Proteins are enzymes that catalyze chemical reactions
can control the color of flowers
determine the surface structure of your blood cells to determine your blood type

27. DNA -> Proteins DNA -> Genes Genes instruct Amino Acid Sequences
Amino Acids make up Proteins (enzymes)
Bioluminescent

28. Protein Synthesis

29. OBJ: generate an overview of transcription and translation using the base pairing rules. OBJ: explain the process and location of transcription with the use of enzymes.
Transcription

30. Transcription
RNA molecule is copied from a DNA segment (gene); this is a complimentary RNA strand

31. Transcription
RNA molecule is copied from a DNA segment (gene); this is a complimentary RNA strand
Requires Enzyme RNA Polymerase
Uses one strand as a template to form an RNA strand

32. Transcription (cont’d)
RNA Polymerase will only bind to the DNA strand in areas where there is a promoter (specific base sequences)
signals in the DNA that tell the RNA polymerase where to bind
These signals also cause transcription to stop when certain signals are read

33. OBJ: explain the process and location of translation with the use of enzymes. OBJ: utilize the genetic code to determine the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain
Translation

34. Translation
nucleotide base sequence in mRNA code for the sequence of amino acids to be assembled into a protein (polypeptide)
The ribosome reads the code and assembles the amino acids in the correct sequence to build the protein
Where? Ribosomes

35. Steps of Translation
Step 1: mRNA is transcribed from DNA in the nucleus, and enters the cytoplasm

36. Steps of Translation
Step 2: mRNA attaches to a ribosome

37. Steps of Translation
Step 3: as mRNA moves through the ribosome, the proper amino acid is brought to the ribosome by the tRNA
Anticodon on tRNA pairs up with its complimentary codon
attached to the anticodon is the amino acid

38. Steps of Translation
The ribosome forms a peptide bond between the amino acids, and breaks the bond between the tRNA and the amino acid

39. The Genetic Code DNA determines the order of amino acids
Codon= 3 letter combination
Each codon specifies a particular amino acid (i.e. AUG = methionine)

40. Genetic Code (cont’d) 4 bases = 64 different possible base codons
20 different Amino Acids (some codons overlap)
Each codon only specifies one amino acid (i.e. CCC is Proline and is not used for any other amino acid)

41. Start inside, work your way out

42. Translation (cont’d)
Protein grows until a stop codon is read and the protein breaks free
mRNA is ready to assemble another protein (polypeptide)

43. Roles of DNA and RNA
DNA : instruction manual for the synthesis of proteins
RNA: facilitator for the synthesis of the proteins by using the information from DNA

44. OBJ: describe the different types of gene mutation (point and framshift) and the effects on a protein and the resulting trait.
Gene Mutations

45. Mutations Every now and then the cell makes a mistake (mutation)
missing a base
adding a base
mixing up bases
Mutations = changes in the genetic code

46. Kinds of Mutations produce changes in a single gene Gene Mutations
Chromosome Mutations
produce changes in a single gene
produce changes in an entire chromosome

47. METH PRO PHEN ASP SER STOP
Gene Mutations
Point mutations = changes in one or a few nucleotides
Substitutions – a base takes the place of another
THE DOG ATE THE CAT
THE DOG ATE THE CAR
Original: AUG CCU UUC AAC UCC UGA
METH PRO PHEN ASP SER STOP
Copy: AUG CCU UUC AAC UCG UGA

48. Gene Mutations
Frameshift mutations = changes that affect the entire strand by shifting the sequence up or down by one base
Insertions – a base is put in where it should not be
Deletions – a base is left out where it should be inserted
Original: AUG CCU UUC AAC UCC UGA
METH PRO PHEN ASP SER STOP
Copy: AUG CCU UUC AAA CUC CUG
METH PRO PHEN LYS LEU LEU

49. Gene Mutations
THE DOG ATE THE CAT THE DOG AAT ETH ECA T The entire frame of the DNA strand is shifted to read the new base THE DOG TET HEC AT

50. What can this cause?
Sickle-Cell Anemia: caused by a replacement of A by T on the 17th nucleotide for the beta chain of hemoglobin
RBC abnormal shape

51. What does this cause?
Cystic Fibrosis: 3 bases are deleted in the middle of a protein sequence, shorter protein
Thick mucus (clogs lungs)
People with one copy of the mutated gene are not affected, but people with two copies have CF

52. What does this cause?
PKU: extra bases are added to the sequence for protein synthesis
Unable to process amino acid in foods (essential for pigment production)
Amino Acid builds up in tissues – mental retardation

53. Kinds of Mutations produce changes in a single gene
Gene Mutations
Chromosome Mutations
produce changes in a single gene
produce changes in an entire chromosome

54. Chromosomal Mutations
Involve a change in the number or structure of chromosomes
This could change the location of genes on chromosomes, or the number of copies of a gene on chromosomes

55. Deletions
This occurs when part of a chromosome is deleted from the original when copied

56. Duplications
Parts of a chromosome have extra copies of a gene

57. Inversions
Reverse the direction of the parts of chromosomes

58. Translocations
Occurs when part of the chromosome breaks off, and attaches to another part of the chromosome

59. Mutation Significance
Most mutations are neutral (they have no real effect on the individual because they happen in “junk DNA”)

60. Mutation Significance
Mutations that have an effect on the individual occur in the portion of DNA that codes for specific necessary proteins

61. Mutation Significance
Mutations also create genetic diversity (a good thing)
Harmful mutations can be the cause of types of cancer

62. Mutation Significance
Plant and animal (polyploidy – where an organism has too many chromosomes);
stronger, larger plants (bananas and citrus fruit )

63. Objectives
DNA RNA and Proteins SWBAT Define a gene and explain its function SWBAT compare and contrast DNA and RNA SWBAT list the types and functions of RNA SWBAT describe the structure and functions of proteins in an organism (Bioluminesence) Protein Synthesis SWBAT generate an overview of transcription and translation using the base pairing rules. SWBAT explain the process and location of transcription with the use of enzymes. SWBAT explain the process and location of translation with the use of enzymes. SWBAT utilize the genetic code to determine the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain SWBAT describe the different types of gene mutation (point and framshift) and the effects on a protein and the resulting trait.