1. Europe-Russia Combo.
PHYSICAL NOTES

2. Layout of Europe
Europe and Asia share a common landmass called Eurasia. Yet Europe is a distinct region jutting westward from Asia.
Europe is a peninsula of Asia. Europe itself has many peninsulas extending from it. Because of this it has a long irregular coastline that has shaped the lifestyles of its people.
Northern Peninsulas
Scandinavian
Jutland
Southern Peninsulas
Iberian
Apennine (Italian)
Balkan
Scandinavian
Jutland
Iberian
Balkan
Italian

3. Northern Peninsulas Scandinavian Peninsula Includes Norway and Sweden
Very mountainous
Has fjords along the coastline
Jutland
Includes Denmark
Mostly flat surface

4. The Southern Peninsulas
Balkan Peninsula
Includes Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Romania, Servia, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Turkey, Albania and Greece
Bordered by the Adriatic, Mediterranean and Aegean Seas.
Mainly a tangle of mountain ranges and valleys.
Apennine (Italian) Peninsula
Includes Italy
Apennine mountain range, including Mount Vesuvius.
30% is plains
Iberian Peninsula
Includes Spain and Portugal
Separates Mediterranean Sean from the Atlantic Ocean
Mostly a plateau but includes the Pyrenees Mountains.
Also has the small passage known as the Straight of Gibraltar.

5. ISLANDS Small Islands Large Islands
Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia, Cyprus and Crete-all.
All have rugged terrain and volcanic mountains.
Large Islands
Great Britain, Irelands, Iceland & Greenland.
These islands are found in the North.

6. Mountains
Europe’s northwestern mountain have some of the world’s oldest rock formations. However due to erosion and glaciation have made their peaks low.
Pyrenees- restricts Spain and Portugal’s interaction with the rest of Europe.
The Alps- the most famous mountain range in Europe.
Mount Vesuvius- near the city of Naples. Most famous for erupting in 79 AD and burring the city of Pompeii, Stabiae and Herculaneum under mounds of lava, ash and mud.
Uplands- are very low mountains.
Examples of uplands in Europe include: Scottish Highlands, Massif Central and Meseta.

7. Plains
One of the most fertile agricultural regions in the world is the Northern European Plain. 33% of Europe’s land is suitable for agricultural use, this is high compare to the world average of 11%.
Olives, fruits, and vegetables grow in southern areas; grains and livestock are raised in northern areas.

8. Rivers Thames River Danube River Rhine River
England's most important river
Allows ships to access London (inland city)
Thames.mp4
Danube River
Eastern Europe's major river
Flows from the Black Forest (Germany) to the Black Sea
Main canal links North Sean and Black Sea
Rhine River
Western Europe's major river
Runs through France and Germany into the Netherlands
Connects Europe's industrial cities

9. Human-environment Interaction
Human-environment interaction can be seen throughout the region
Dikes- large bank of stone and earth that holds back water.
Polders- low-lying area from which seawater has been drained to create new land.

10. Russia
One-sixth of the Earths land surface!!!

11. Mountains Urals Caucasus Mark the boundary of Europe and Asia
Stretch across land between Black and Caspian Sea

12. Plains Northern European Plain West Siberian Plain
Covers most of European Russia
75% of the Russian population lives there
West Siberian Plain
Covers almost one million square miles
Arid and Arctic due to river flow toward the Arctic Ocean

13. Oceans, Lakes, Seas, and Rivers
Arctic Ocean
Smallest and shallowest of the earths major oceans
Lake Baikal
Southern Siberian freshwater lake
Deepest lake in the world
Holds almost 20% of the earths freshwater
Caspian Sea
Third largest sea in the world
Really a saltwater lake
Black Sea
Warm water outlet to the Mediterranean Sea
Lake Volga
Canals link Russia to the Caspian, Black, and Baltic Seas

14. Resources Europe is mostly an Industrial society
Oil and natural gas are abundant
Found on the North Sea Floor
Places like Ireland lack natural resources
Use peat- partially decayed plant matter found in bogs

15. Russia Black Earth Belt Siberia Abundance of natural resources
Strethches from Ukraine to Souhwest Russia
Fertile land for farming
Siberia
1/5th of the worlds forested land
Taiga is the world’s largest forest
Abundance of natural resources
Coal, gas, oil, hydroelectric power

16. Climate and Vegitation
Western Europe
Marine west coast climate
North Atlantic Drift
A current of warm water from the tropics
Flows near Europes West Coast
Prevaling Winds
Carry the N.A. Drift over the region
Marine Westcoast Climate

17. Climate and Vegitation
Sub Arctic & Tundra
Found in northernmost areas
Humid Continental
Common in most of Eastern Europe
Mediterranian Climate
Chaparral-
most common vegetation found in this climate
Forests of shruba and trees
Highland Climate-
exists in areas of elevation such as the Alps
Coniferous trees- thrive in this climate and elevation
Deciduous trees- found in west coast climate zones (Germany’s Black Forest)

18. Winds
Mistral- an Alpine wind, occasionally blows bitter cold air into southern France
Siroccos– high, dry winds from North Africa–sometimes bring hot weather to Europe.

19. Human Environment Interaction
Venice, Italy, is made up of about 120 islands
The people of Venice depend on the more than 150 canals that snake around and through the islands to move people or goods
Trade has helped Venice grow
To build Venice, wooden pilings were sunk into the ground to support buildings
Venice is sinking due to the weight of the buildings and rising sea levels
Polution is also threatning Venice as are floods

20. Human Environment Interaction
Most of Europe lies within 300 miles (483 km) of a seacoast
About 25 percent of the Netherlands lies below sea level
Dutch built seaworks to hold back the destructive impact of the sea
They also built windmills to power pumps that drain the land

21. Human Environment Interaction
The Trans-Siberian Railroad was completed in 1904
Covers 5700 miles
Built for faster travel and to populate the region

22. Human Environment Interaction
Deforestation
Pollution
European Union has strict environmental regulations for its member countries
Pollution that crosses national borders requires international cooperation.
Acid Rain
Europe’s factories emit sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide
These combine with water vapor and oxygen to form acid rain or snow. Winds carry the emissions to other parts of Europe.
Emissions
By the 1990s, 40 percent of Russia’s land was “ecologically stressed”–heavily polluted
Russia’s soil has been damaged by toxic waste dumps, oil spills, and pesticides sprayed on crops. Industries and fossil fuel emissions have polluted the air