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Radu Zmeureanu Demba Ndiaye Michel Bernier
EVALUATION OF THE EMBODIED ENERGY IN BUILDING MATERIALS AND RELATED CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS IN SENEGAL Radu Zmeureanu Demba Ndiaye Michel Bernier
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CONTENTS Introduction The context of Senegal Methodology Application
Results Comparison Conclusion
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INTRODUCTION (1/2) Design and evaluate buildings’ performance on the basis of: life-cycle energy use (LCE) life-cycle cost life-cycle CO2 emissions LCE = (Initial (embodied) energy) + N x (Annual operating energy use) N life duration of the building
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INTRODUCTION (2/2) Difficulties in the estimation of embodied energy and related CO2 emissions Energy used in manufacturing/installation processes Wide variation in published values Few data for developing countries such as Senegal
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THE CONTEXT OF SENEGAL (1/4)
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THE CONTEXT OF SENEGAL (2/4)
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THE CONTEXT OF SENEGAL (3/4)
Building materials: imported and locally produced Reinforced concrete for columns, beams & floors Exterior walls: reinforced concrete or concrete blocks Thermal insulation & special types of glass rare
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THE CONTEXT OF SENEGAL (4/4)
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METHODOLOGY (1/2) ENERGY ANALYSIS
“Process of evaluation of the energy used, directly or indirectly, by a system to produce goods or services” a coefficient called Energy content or Embodied energy: MJ/unit (litre, kg, m2, m3, …) 3 methods: process analysis, input-output analysis, hybrid analysis
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Proposed by IPCC 6-step process
METHODOLOGY (2/2) CO2 EMISSIONS Proposed by IPCC 6-step process Product Fuel consumption (kg) Energy equivalent (GJ/kg) Emission (kgC/GJ) Carbon content (kgC/kg) Carbon oxidized (%) Emission factor (kgCO2/kg) Gas-oil 1 19.95 0.848 0.990 3.08 Fuel-oil 21.10 0.876 3.18 Natural gas 15.3 0.793 0.995 2.89
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APPLICATION (1/1) Process analysis used
Construction activities accounted for Data collected from Senegalese enterprises and the Statistics Bureau of Senegal
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4 resources: electricity, water, fuel-oil, gas-oil
RESULTS (1/5) 4 resources: electricity, water, fuel-oil, gas-oil
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RESULTS (2/5) EXAMPLE: GRAVEL FROM BASALT
Ndiack quarry at 105 km from Dakar Input Unit Quantity EE (MJ/Unit) Total EE (MJ) CO2 (kgCO2/Unit) Total CO2 (kgCO2) Gas-oil kg 1.128 46.01 51.90 3.08 3.47 Electricity kWh 0.012 16.07 0.19 1.10 0.01 Transport to Dakar unit 1 108.08 7.23 Water m3 0.008 11.25 0.09 0.75 Total by metric ton of gravel 160.26 10.72
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Published data of embodied energy
RESULTS (3/5) RESOURCES PRODUCT UNIT Senegal Published data of embodied energy CO2 (kg/Unit) EE (MJ/Unit) Number of values Minimum value Maximum value Median value Gas-oil kg 3.08 46 Fuel-oil 3.18 45 2 45.7 46.5 46.1 Electricity kWh 1.10 16.07 9 9.88 11.67 10.60 Water m3 0.75 11.25
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Published data of embodied energy
RESULTS (4/5) MATERIALS PRODUCT UNIT Senegal Published data of embodied energy CO2 (kg/Unit) EE (MJ/Unit) Number of values Minimum value Maximum value Median value Conc. bar kg 1.06 15.97 9 10.1 32 17.90 Sand 0.004 0.06 3 0.04 0.10 0.05 Gravel 0.01 0.16 4 0.051 0.3 0.12 Cement 0.73 3.32 8 0.078 9.4 6.85 Cem. block unit 1.55 7.96 7.13 23.29 8.9 Mortar m3 298 1418 1682 5980 3200 Concrete 272 1404 13 1242 4600 2348 Rein. conc. 477 4416 1 5040
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Published data of embodied energy
RESULTS (5/5) COMPONENTS PRODUCT UNIT Senegal Published data of embodied energy CO2 (kg/Unit) EE (MJ/Unit) Number of values Minimum value Maximum value Median value Block wall m2 38 247 Concrete wall 372 1974 Slab (16 cm) 85 749
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COMPARISON WITH PUBLISHED DATA (1/1)
EE of all selected local materials (except sand and gravel) is lower than the median values of published data EE of mortar & reinforced concrete produced in Senegal is below the minimum value of published data EE of local materials is not higher than those of similar materials produced in industrialized countries
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CONCLUSION Process analysis is a suitable tool for EE figures computation Comparison between data for Senegal and those for industrialized countries only minor differences In developing countries, extensive use of human energy counterbalances low energy efficiency of manufacturing processes
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The End Questions ???
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