1. AP EURO Unit #1 – Renaissance and Reformation Lesson #8 Religious Violence (FRENCH WARS OF RELIGION)

2. Essential Questions
Why were women considered witches more often than men?
What caused, and what ended the French Wars of Religion?
What caused, and what ended the Dutch Rebellion?

3. The Great Witch Hunt 100,000 – 200,000 accusations and trials
40,000 – 60,000 executions
Witches – sabbats; magical
Satan, goats and groups
80% accused were poor single women over 45
Often midwives
Women thought to be weaker
Accusation led to a hunt – coven has members
Likely it was the Renaissance and Reformation that started… and ended the craze

4. The Great Witch hunts
Doc on p. 474
click

5. French Religious Wars Habsburg-Valois Wars Formation of Calvinism
40 years of French-German antagonism
Four wars ( )
France went into debt
Formation of Calvinism
Caught on by 1550s
15% of society by 1570s
Nearly half of the nobles

6. Why would Protestantism be popular among Nobles?

7. Why would Protestantism NOT be popular among peasants?

8. Henry II of France Son of Francis I Henry’s wife, Catherine de Medici
Francis was a contemporary of Henry VIII
Was king for only 10 years
Died in a jousting tournament (end of 8th Italian War)
Henry’s wife, Catherine de Medici
Mother to three more kings
She directed French policy for next generation
Tried to maintain power of monarchy with opposing “sides” (Guise Catholics vs. Bourbon Huguenots)
His son, Henry III tried to hold nation together 2m

10. Why does Henry’s death matter?
Consider this… his sons were young, and his wife was domineering
Calvinism became VERY popular to nobles in France (Half of French Nobles)
French royalty and peasants were loyal Catholics
What did French nobles have to gain in going Huguenot (Calvinist)?
Why will this matter to stability in France?
Why will the death of a king now matter?
Think of English King Henry’s “Great Matter.” What must Henry II of France have done?

11. French Civil War Fighting exploded after Henry II died
What were the two “sides” who will surely end up fighting?
Religion was AGAIN being used to challenge the monarchy
Two French noble factions emerged, both wanting to diminish the power of the French monarchy
Henry of Navarre (Henry Bourbon)
Henry of Guise – ultra Catholic
Huguenot nobles challenged power of monarch

12. French Civil War
Henry’s wife, Catherine de Medici ruled in place of her sons, Francis, Charles and Henry
Francis was raised to be king, but died too soon
Charles ruled for years, but never had kids
Fighting continued
Catherine tried for a compromise
She contracted for her daughter to marry the powerful Henry of Navarre

13. The wedding of Henry B. and Margo V.
Arranged by Catherine de Medici
What was her goal?
Two most powerful families uniting
What would you do if you were Henry of Guise?
Henry Guise arranged for a mass murder of all Huguenots
Became known as ST. BARTHOLEMEW’S DAY MASSACRE

14. The War of Three Henrys Henry of Navarre Henry of Guise
Henry III, King of France
Henry III contracted a kill of Guise
Friends of Guise took revenge, and…
Henry III was murdered by a fanatical religious leader
What problem did the Valois family line now have?

16. Henry IV Key Dates 1553: Born 1572: Married to Margo (age 19)
1587: War of the Three Henrys
1594: Coronated (age 41)
1598: Edict of Nantes
1599: Marriage Annulled
1600: Married to Marie (age 47)
1610: Died (age 57)
- assassinated
12m

17. Henry IV Turned out to be beloved by his people
Kind, compassion, good humor, charming
Highly concerned for welfare of France
Promoted agriculture; drained swamps
Renewed Paris as a great city; added wings to Louvre
Public works
Bridges and canals
Promoted the arts
Education for all
Prevented deforestation; ordered plantings

18. Edict of Nantes Religious tolerance for Huguenots
Henry – a man of vision & courage
Married Marie de Medici
Six kids (3 lived)
Louis XIII
Henrietta Maria (married Charles I of England)
Maryland
Marie coronated the day before he was killed

19. Dutch Rebellion (1560s – 1640) Part of the Spanish Empire
SPANISH NETHERLANDS
WILL ONE DAY BE THE AUSTRIAN NETHERLANDS
Charles V was born there – kept close watch
Philip II (r: ) let it fester – grew to different and independent – Calvinist influence
Spanish sent Duke of Alba (20,000 mercenaries)
Council of Troubles ( )
William of Orange
Spanish Fury (The sack of Antwerp)
Pacification of Ghent – UNITED PROVINCES born

20. Document discussion Read p. 400 – Philip declares William an outlaw
Why can’t they get along?
What is Queen Elizabeth’s take on their fight?

21. Mary became queen when she was older
She was raised a Catholic
When she became queen, she brought the Catholic Church back
She married Philip of Spain
She killed anyone who protested
Protestants would later called her “BLOODY MARY”
because she killed so many protestants
She died after five years – no kids

22. William of Orange vs. Duke of Alba

23. William of Orange vs. Duke of Alba THE SPANISH FURY

24. Philip II vs. Elizabeth I

25. Philip II vs. Elizabeth I THE INVINCIBLE ARMADA

26. Pico della Mirandola The Oration on the Dignity of Man
Called the "Manifesto of the Renaissance".
Spoke to hostile clerics of the dignity of the liberal arts
The Oration served as an introduction to Pico's 900 theses, which he believed provided a basis for the discovery of all knowledge
Pico combined Platonism, Neoplatonism, Aristoteliansm, Hermeticism and Kabbalah.
Also included 72 theses describing what Pico believed to be a complete system of physics.

27. Pico’s Oration on the Dignity of Man
These are the reasons why I decided to study philosophy. And I'm not going to explain them to anyone except those who condemn philosophy. Philosophy is not something to be used scornfully or as insult, but for honor and glory.
We have reduced philosophy to only being useful when being used for profit.
I've never philosophized except for the sake of philosophy, and have never desired it for my own cultivation. I have been able to lose myself in philosophy and not be influenced by others who try to pull me away from it.