1. What we know…

2. Genetic Variation causes evolution
What we know…
Genetic Variation causes evolution

3. Genetic Variation can be measured by Average Heterozygousy
What we know…
Genetic Variation can be measured by Average Heterozygousy

4. Genetic Variation does not guarantee that evolution to occur
But…
Genetic Variation does not guarantee that evolution to occur

5. If a population is not evolving, it is in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

6. Conditions of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
No mutations – no new alleles
Random Mating – no preferences in mating will allow all traits to be passed on
No natural selection – all traits are equally beneficial
Extremely large population size
No gene flow
Gene flow: movement of alleles in and out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes
Example: ability of human population to travel large distances

7. If all of these conditions are met, then a population WILL NOT evolve.

8. Hardy-Weinberg Principle:

9. Hardy-Weinberg Principle: frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population will remain constant from generation to generation

10. Testing a Population for Evolution
Calculate expected genotypic frequencies and compare to actual genotypic frequencies
….in english….what percent of the population should have a certain genotype compared to what percent ACTUALLY has that genotype
If the expected matches the actual, no evolution is occurring
If expected does not match the actual, evolution could be occurring

11. Equation for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
p pq + q2 = 1
Two alleles possible for a trait (G and g)
p = frequency of dominant allele
q = frequency of recessive allele
p2 = expected frequency of GG
pq = expected frequency of Gg
q2 = expected frequency of gg
p + q = 1

12. Equation for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
p pq + q2 = 1
We get these frequencies from Punnett Squares
Use the decimal form of the %