1. PLANTS

2. Characteristics Eukaryotic, multicellular, nonmotile
Photosynthetic- autotroph
Have chloroplast:chlorophyll a and b
Cell wall made of cellulose- protects and supports
Cuticle- waxy covering that prevents desiccation

3. Life Cycle 2 alternating cycles 2N- diploid sporophyte
1N Haploid gametophyte

4. Plant Needs Sunlight Water and minerals Gas Exchange
Movement of water and nutrients

5. Plant Adaptations How did plants move from water to land?
Vascular tissue: xylem carries water from roots, phloem carries food made in leaves
Cuticle—prevents water loss
Roots- anchor the plant, absorbs water and nutrients
Pollen- male sperm- doesn’t need water to distribute
Seeds- provide protection and food supply to embryo

6. 4 MAIN TYPES OF PLANTS Bryophyte Pterophyte Gymnosperm Angiosperm
Common Name
MOSSES
FERNS
PINES
FLOWERING
Vascular tissue No
Yes
Male gamete
Flagellated sperm
Pollen
Dominant Generation
Gametophyte
Sporophyte

7. Mosses
No vascular tissue and produce flagellated sperm- so need to be in close contact with water
No roots- rhizoids anchor to ground
Peat moss- used for fuel

8. Ferns
Flagellated sperm
Has vascular tissue

9. Gymnosperm Vascular tissue Has male and female cones
Male cone produces pollen
Female cone produces ovules

10. Angiosperm Produce flowers Produce seeds within a “fruit”
Vascular tissue
Green(Herbaceous) or woody stem

11. 2 Types of Angiosperms Monocot- Grasses, lilies
Dicot-Shrubs, trees, flowers
Annuals- live 1 year, have herbaceous or green stem(replant)
Perennial- trees and shrubs
Biennial- takes 2 years to grow-root storage like carrots

12. Monocot vs. Dicot Vascular Bundle in Leaf
Vascular Bundle in Stem Cross section
Vascular Bundle in Root Cross Section
Flower groups
Monocot
Parallel
Scattered
Ring
3’s
Dicot
Web like X
4’s and 5’s

13. 3 Types of Plant Cells Parenchyma- storage and food production
Collenchyma- found in areas of current growth
Sclerenchyma- thick walled cells used for support, also fiber, and grit in pears

14. 3 Types of Plant Tissues
Dermal- makes up epidermis-protects- secretes cuticle
Vascular- set of “pipes” that transport materials far distances. Xylem carries water (tracheids and vessel elements)
Phloem carries food(sugar)(sieve tube elements and companion cells)
3. Ground – sites of photosynthesis(leaves),
storage(roots), and support(stems)

15. Plant growth
Meristematic tissue- site of actively dividing cells(mitosis). Found at tip of shoot(called apical- at the top) and the tip of the root.
Apical meristem found at the top of the shoot and bottom of the root.

16. Plant organs
Roots
Stems
Leaves

17. Roots
help anchor plant, absorb nutrients, have root hairs to increase surface area
2 types- fibrous
taproot
(food storage like carrot)
Monocot
(vascular
bundle
arrangement) Dicot

18. Root cap at end of the root- protects new ,growing cells
Root cap at end of the root- protects new ,growing cells. Also produces lubricant so root can move
through soil.

19. Stems Support the leaves 2 types- herbacous- green woody
Monocot (vascular bundle arrangement) Dicot

20. Leaf
Site of photosynthesis

21. Palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll- photosynthesis cells.
Spongy mesophyll loosely packed – spaces where the gases can be stored.
Vascular bundle contains the xylem and phloem
Stomata open during times when water loss is low(early day or late afternoon)
Loss of water through stomata called TRANSPIRATION

22. Stomata- opening in the leaf that allows gas exchange- O2 out and CO2 in for photosynthesis.
Guard cells control the opening of the stomata. When guard cells fill with water, stomata open. When water leaves guard cells- stomata are closed.

23. Water transport What moves water up against gravity?
Root pressure- movement of water coming up from the roots
Adhesion- water sticks to sides of xylem cells
Capillary action- water attracted to itself and the tube
Transpiration- when stomata open- help pull the water up- negative pressure

24. STOMATA

25. Flowers
Reproductive organ of a plant- contains the male and female parts
Plants do not self fertilize- mechanisms in place that doesn’t allow it.
Male- stamen (anther and filament)
Female –carpel (stigma, style and ovary)
Petals- attract pollinator
Sepal- green leaf surrounding flower

27. Plant Hormones Auxin- cell elongation Gibberellins- promote growth
Cytokinin- stimulate cell division,growth of lateral buds
Ethylene gas- promotes fruit ripening

28. Tropism- plant response to external stimulus like light or gravity
Thigmotropism- response to touch-vines

29. Photoperiodism Short Day Plants Long Day Plants Short day, long night
Can interrupt night to stop flowering
Poinsettia
Long day, short night
Increase night to stop flowering
Iris