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Cranial nerves: general introduction

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1 Cranial nerves: general introduction
Anna L. Kiss Department of Human Morphology and Developmental Biology Semmelweis University Budapest 2014

2 Cranial nerves olfactory n. (I) ptic chiasam (II) optic tract (II)
oculomotory n. (III) trochlear n. (IV) trigeminal n. (V) facial n. (VII) vestibulocochlear n. (VIII) glossopharyngeal n.+vagus (IX, X) accessory n. (XI) abducens n. (VI) hypoglossal n. (XII)

3 Olfactory nerve (I): is developing as an early part of the primitive
Olfactory nerve (I): is developing as an early part of the primitive telencephalon Optic nerve (II): is developing as an outpouching from the diencephalon Carnial nerves III to XII: originate from the brain stem are embryologically homologous with spinal nerves nuclei of them derived originally from cell columns homologous with the columns of the spinal cord

4 Cranial nerves Functionally: Visceral (vegetative):
autonom, unvoluntary Somatic: voluntary Sensory: about the outside world; structures developed from embryonic ectoderm and somatic mesoderm Motory: controlling voluntary muscles, derived from somites and embryonic gill arches Motory: controlling function of the viscera (symphatetic and parasymphatetic) Sensory: viscera developed from ectoderm and splanchnic mesoderm somatic efferent SE general somatic afferent GSA visceral efferent VE general visceral afferent GVS

5 Spinal nerves: mixed (sensory, motor sometimes vegetative fibers)
radix posterior ganglion spinale nervus spinalis radix anterior

6 Cranial nerves Motor nerves: IV, VI, XII – somatomotor
III – somatomotor, visceromotor Sensory: VIII – special (hearing, balance) Mixed: V, VII, IX, X - sensory, motor + vegetatíve (exept: V) Special motor: XI (motoros – spinal fibers) Not really cranial nerves: I, and II – outgrowth of the central nervous system

7 Nuclei of the cranial nerves in the brainstem
III. IV: midbrain V. VI. és VII. motor nuclei: pons V. : 3 sensory nuclei: midbrain, pons and medulla VIII.: at the border of the pons and medulla IX. X. XI. XII: medulla Motor nuclei: perikaryons of the „low” motoneurons Sensory nuclei: perikaryons of the second ordered neurons (primary sensory neurons: outside the brainstem, ganglions (similarly to gg. spinale)

8 Development of the spinal cord
somatosensor (afferens) visceral somatomotor (efferens)

9 Spinal cord versus brainstem

10 Grey matter in the brainstem
mesencephalon pons medulla „open” part medulla „closed” part

11 Reorganizationof the central grey matter
at the brainstem Spinal cord medulla (closed part) medulla (open part) mesencephalon medulla-pons pons (at the level of locus a locus ceruleus)

12 Special Visceral Efferent: SVE
Somatosensor Viscerosensor Visceromotor Somatomotor Ventrolateral Somatomotor Visceromotor Special Visceral Efferent: SVE Brachiomotor nn. V, VII, IX, X, XI Branchial arches

13 Cranial nerves of the branchial arches

14 General/Special Viscerlal Afferent GVA, SVA
Viscerosensoros General/Special Viscerlal Afferent GVA, SVA Somatosensoros General/Special Somatic Afferent GSA, SSA Visceromotoros General Visceral Efferent: GVE parasympathicus Ventrolateral collumn Somatomotor? Visceromotor? Special Visceral Efferent: SVE Brachiomotor nn. V, VII, IX, X, XI Nerves of the branchial arches Dorsomedial collumn Pure motor nuclei nn. III, IV, VI, XII Somatomotor General Somatic Efferent: GSE

15 Development of the brainstem
3. Cell types: branchial afferens and efferens innervation of the derivatives of the branchial arches: V., VII., IX., X. speciális special visceral: branchial (SSA) general visceral (GSA)

16 Nuclei of the cranial nerves at the rhomboid fossa
viscero- and branchiosensory (taste) somatosensory (n. trigeminus) speciál somatosensory (vestibulocochlear) IV. ventricle – rhomboid fossa visceromotory (viscera, glands, heart parasympathetic) branchiomotory (muscles of the branchial arches) somatomotory (muscles of the tongue)

17 Motor (efferens) nuclei in the brainstem
Muscles of the head, orbit, tongue: n. oculomotorius (III) n. trochlearis (IV) n. abducens (VI) n. hypoglossus (XII) Pharynx, m. of mastication, m. of the face, larynx: derivatives of the branchial arches: n. trigeminus: motor nucleus n. facialis: motor nucleus n. glossopharyngeus n. vagus Visceralis (parasympathetic): Edinger-Westfal (III) n. salivatorius (VII., IX) n. dorsalis n. vagi close to the midline lateral n. ambiguus farest from the midlinef

18 Sensory (afferens) nuclei in the brainstem
n. tractus solitarii: VII., IX., X.: visceral + branchiali afferens nuclei: taste+visceral afferens from heart, lung main sensory n. trigeminus n. tractus spinalis n. trigemini n. mesencephalius n. trigemini Special somatosensory nuclei: n. cochlearis n. vestibularis somatosensor

19 nucl. princeps sensorius n. V
medulla: „open” (rostral) part nucl. motorius n. V nucl. princeps sensorius n. V nucl. tractus spinalis n. V pons N. trigeminus medulla: „closed” (caudal) part

20 nucl. princeps sensorius n. V nucl. tractus solitarii
somatosensor sup. salivatory n. visceromotor nucl. tractus spinalis n. V nucl. tractus solitarii viscerosensor nucl. motorius n. VII somatomotor N. facialis

21 N. glossopharyngeus nucl. princeps sensorius n. V somatosensor
nucl. tractus spinalis n. V. somatosensor inf. salivatory nucl. visceromotor nucl. tractus solitarii viscerosensor nucl. ambiguus somatomotor N. glossopharyngeus

22 N. vagus nucl. princeps sensorius n. V somatosensor
nucl. tractus solitarii (ala cinerea lat.) (viscerosensor) nucl. dorsalis n. X (ala cinerea med.) visceromotor nucl. tractus spinalis n. V somatosensor nucl. tractus solitarii viscerosensor nucl. ambiguus somatomotor N. vagus

23 References Szentagothai J, Réthelyi M: Funkcionális anatómia
Sobota - Atlas of Human Anatomy, 20th edition, Urban and Schwarzenberger, 1993 Stephen Goldberg: Clinical neuroanatomy, 1998


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