1. Chapter 11: The French Revolution

2. Section 1
The Revolution Begins

3. The Background
The causes of the French Revolution are deeply tied to French Society
French Society was separated into 3 estates
1st Estate: Clergy
2nd Estate: Nobility
3rd Estate: Ordinary People

4. The Three Estates Major problems began existing with three estates
Even though the majority of the people were in the third estate, much land and almost all the power rested with the first two estates
As well, the third estate paid all of the country’s taxes

5. 1) What was the first estate. A: Nobility. B: Clergy C: Peasants
1) What was the first estate? A: Nobility B: Clergy C: Peasants D: Merchants 2) Which estate had the most people in it? A: 1st B: 2nd C: 3rd D: They were =

7. Inside the Third Estate
Within the third estate there existed more classes
The lower class workers and unskilled laborers still had feudal like obligations to landowners
The new middle class or bourgeoisie owned land and had significant monetary power but no noble titles

8. Financial Issues
The French Economy suffered setbacks in 1787 and 1788 with poor harvests and manufacturing slowdowns
Coupled with debts from the American Revolution Louis XVI called the Estates-General to order to discuss new taxes

9. 3) Frances debt from what aided in the financial hardships of ? A: 100 Years War B: World War I C: American Revolution D: Age of Exploration

10. Estates-General >> National Assembly
Estates-General was a representative body of all three estates
1st Estate: 300 Delegates
2nd Estate: 300 Delegates
3rd Estate: 600 Delegates
The 3rd Estate wanted to change the voting from 1 vote for each estate to 1 vote for each delegate

11. Estates-General >> National Assembly
The King refused the third estates demand
The third estate separated themselves and created the National Assembly
The Assembly met in a tennis court and swore to draft a constitution
(This became known as the Tennis Court Oath)

12. 4) What was the original representative body of France known as
4) What was the original representative body of France known as? A: National Assembly B: Parliament C: Congress D: Estates-General

13. The Bastille
Louis XVI prepared to use force to break up the National Assembly
However, on July 14, 1789 a group of Parisians stormed the ancient stronghold known as the Bastille to gather weapons and free prisoners

14. Revolution Spreads
As the Storming of the Bastille continued popular revolts broke out across France against the landowning system
By the summer of 1789 France was in total chaos

15. 5) What building did revolutionaries in Paris storm
5) What building did revolutionaries in Paris storm? A: The Mayor’s Palace B: The Bastille C: Versailles D: National Treasury

16. Declaration of the Rights of Man
As part of legitimizing the revolution the National Assembly passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man on August 26
The Declaration was patterned after the US Declaration of Independence and Constitution

17. Declaration of the Rights of Man
The Declaration was built upon Enlightenment principles
The Declaration gave freedom and equal rights to all men, equal opportunity for employment, and equal taxation

18. 6) The Declaration of the Rights of Man was patterned after what two documents? A: Magna Carta B: U.S. Declaration of Independence C: U.S. Bill of Rights D: U.S. Constitution

19. Louis XVI
Louis XVI was still in “power” at Versailles during the revolts
The King regretfully accepted the new governments terms and came to Paris as a virtual prisoner along with his wife Marie Antoinette

20. New Constitution
In 1791 the National Assembly passed a new constitution setting up a Limited Monarchy
Political trouble soon erupted as relatives of Louis XVI in Prussia and Austria declared war to restore the monarchy

21. 7) The Constitution of 1791 set up a what kind of government
7) The Constitution of 1791 set up a what kind of government? A: Absolute Monarchy B: Limited Monarchy C: Republic D: Dictatorship

22. Radical Revolution and Reaction
Section 2
Radical Revolution and Reaction

23. The Paris Commune
Radical revolutionaries in Paris began attacking monarchical forces
These radical groups became known as the Paris Commune
Its members became known as the sans-culottes

24. Depicted as Savages by a British Cartoonist.
The Sans-Culottes
Depicted as Savages by a British Cartoonist.

25. Maximillian Robespierre (1758 – 1794)

26. Georges Jacques Danton (1759 – 1794)
“Rise up people of France and crush your enemies!

27. The September Massacres, 1792
Rumors that the anti-revolutionary political prisoners were plotting to break out & attack from the rear the armies defending France, while the Prussians attacked from the front.
Buveurs de sang [“drinkers of blood.”] over 1000 killed!
It discredited the Revolution among its remaining sympathizers abroad.

28. Jean-Paul Marat (1744 – 1793)

29. The Assassination of Marat by Charlotte Corday, 1793

30. Marat and Radicalism
The French Revolution began moving in a much more radical phase
With the King powerless radical revolutionaries pushed for more violence and revenge against the aristocracy
The newspaper publisher Jean-Paul Marat incited radicals further

31. The King The question of Louis XVI still loomed
Two factions of the Jacobins argued
The radical Mountain faction wanted to execute the king
The Girondins wanted to spare his life
The decision was made to execute the King on January 21, 1793

32. Marie Antoinette as a Serpent
The “Widow Capet”

33. Marie Antoinette Died in October, 1793

34. Crisis and Response
At this point in the revolution France began breaking apart
Provinces refused to listen to the new lawmaking body the National Convention
At the same time a coalition of countries prepared to invade

35. Crises and Response
In an effort to quell the discontent and protect the people the National Convention created a 12 man group known as the Committee of Public Safety
Headed by Maximilien Robespierre it had incredible power and began the Reign of Terror

36. Reign of Terror
The Committee for Public Safety began executing hundreds of suspected enemies of the revolution
Over 16,000 people, including Marie Antoinette were guillotined under the direction of Robespierre

37. National Motto of France Liberty, Equality, and Brotherhood
In French this is Liberte, Egalite, and Fraternite
Blue and Red are the traditional colors of Paris
White was the ancient color of France

38. Republic of Virtue
Robespierre controlled France until he began to de-Christianize the country
Robespierre replaced Christianity with a new god known as the Goddess of Virtue
Calendars, street signs, and buildings were all replaced and secularized

39. Committee for Public Safety
Revolutionary Tribunals.
300,000 arrested.
16,000 – 50,000 executed.

40. A Republican Calendar

41. The New Republican Calendar
Vendemaire
(Vintage)
22 September-21 October
Brumaire
(Fog)
22 October-20 November
Frimaire
(Frost)
21 November-20 December
Nivose
(Snow)
21 December-19 January
Pluviose
(Rain)
20 January-18 February
Ventose
(Wind)
19 February-20 March
Germinal
(Budding)
21 March-19 April
Floreal
(Flowers)
20 April-19 May
Prairial
(Meadows)
20 May-18 June
Messidor
(Harvest)
19 June-18 July
Thermidor
(Heat)
19 July-17 August
Fructidor
(Fruit)
18 August-21 September
The New Republican Calendar
New Name
Meaning
Time Period
Vendemaire
Vintage
September 22 – October 21
Brumaire
Fog
October 22 – November 20
Frimaire
Frost
November 21 – December 20
Nivose
Snow
December 21 – January 19
Pluviose
Rain
January 20 – February 18
Ventose
Wind
February 19 – March 20
Germinal
Budding
March 21 – April 19
Floreal
Flowers
April 20 – May 19
Prairial
Meadow
May 20 – June 18
Messidor
Harvest
June 19 – July 18
Thermidor
Heat
July 19 – August 17
Fructidor
Fruit
August 18 – September 21

42. A New Republican Calendar Year
Vendemaire
(Vintage)
22 September-21 October
Brumaire
(Fog)
22 October-20 November
Frimaire
(Frost)
21 November-20 December
Nivose
(Snow)
21 December-19 January
Pluviose
(Rain)
20 January-18 February
Ventose
(Wind)
19 February-20 March
Germinal
(Budding)
21 March-19 April
Floreal
(Flowers)
20 April-19 May
Prairial
(Meadows)
20 May-18 June
Messidor
(Harvest)
19 June-18 July
Thermidor
(Heat)
19 July-17 August
Fructidor
(Fruit)
18 August-21 September
A New Republican Calendar Year I
1792 – 1793 II
1793 – 1794
III
1794 – 1795 IV
1795 – 1796 V
1796 – 1797 VI
1797 – 1798
VII
1798 – 1799
VIII
1799 – 1800 IX
1800 – 1801 X
1801 – 1802 XI
1802 – 1803
XII
1803 – 1804
XIII
1804 – 1805
XIV
1805
The Gregorian System returned in 1806.

43. No God! No Religion! No King! No Constitution!
The Radical’s Arms:
No God! No Religion! No King! No Constitution!

44. The “Temple of Reason”
Come, holy Liberty, inhabit this temple, Become the goddess of the French people.

45. The Festival of Supreme Being
A new secular holiday

46. The Terror Intensified: March to July, 1794
Jacques Hébert & the Hérbetists
Danton & the “Indulgents”
Executed in March, 1794
Executed in April, 1794
Law of 22 Prairial [June 10, 1794].
Trials were now limited to deciding only on liberty OR death, with defendants having no rights.
Were you an “enemy of the people?” (the law was so broadly written that almost anyone could fall within its definition!)
1,500 executed between June & July.

47. The End of the Terror
Robespierre failed to realize how strongly Catholic the French people were
Robespierre tried to garner more power but was guillotined himself, ending the Reign of Terror

48. The Directory
With the terror over the revolutionaries set up a new government called the Directory
The Directory compromised two representative bodies and restored stability until a young general named Napoleon Bonaparte took power