1. Austria, Prussia, and Russia1

2. Holy Roman Empire 2

3. The Thirty Years War
1618 – 1648
Began in city of Prague with an anti-Catholic rebellion
Almost all of Europe would become involved
30 – 50% of Europe’s population killed 3

4. Started by fighting between German Catholics and German Protestants4

5. The Peace of Westphalia
1648
Holy Roman Empire broken up into about 360 microstates
Two major new countries emerged from the war – Austria and Prussia 5

6. Europe in 1648 6

7. Austria 7

8. Leopold I
1640 – 1705
Inherited the facial deformity of his great-great grandfather
Fought wars against France, Ottomans
Turned back a Muslim invasion of Europe in 1683
Married his niece/cousin who had 6 children before dying at age 21
Had 16 children by 3 wives 8

9. Charles VI 1685 – 1740 Son of Leopold Musician
Only had daughters, so he changed the rules of succession so his daughter could be his heir 9

10. Maria Theresa
1717 – 1780
Massive reformer of everything from education to agriculture to the military
Mother of Marie Antoinette (& 15 more, 6 of which died in childhood, 3 from smallpox)
Devout Catholic who distrusted Protestant nations
Employed “decency police” 10

11. Prussia 11

12. Frederick William 1620 – 1688 Duke of Prussia Calvinist
Built Prussia into a strong military state
Freed Prussia from control of Polish king, still loyal to Holy Roman Emperor 12

13. Frederick I 1657 – 1713 King in Prussia
Negotiated the right to be called “king” from Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I 13

14. Major Powers in 1750
Russia 14

15. Russia 15

16. Ivan the Terrible 1530 – 1584 First Tsar of Russia Probably insane
Killed his own son in an argument
Oprichniki
Probably poisoned
Died playing chess 16

17. Feodor the Bellringer 1557 – 1598 Ivan’s son Mentally retarded
Let his brother-in-law run the government
Suffered a mental breakdown when his only child died at 2 17

18. Mikhail Romanov 1596 – 1645 Elected tsar in 1613
Brought peace to Russia after 15 years of unrest
Established the Romanov dynasty which would rule until 1917 18

19. Alexis I 1629 – 1676 Tsar at 16 Expanded Russia’s borders
Gave refuge to English royalists who fled when Charles I was beheaded 19

20. Peter the Great 1672 – 1725 Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov
Became tsar at age 10
6 foot 8 & incredibly strong
Traveled in the west for 18 months, learning much about “modern” nations
Built a new capital city at St. Petersburg
Had his own son tortured and killed
Died of urinary tract infection after helping rescue some drowning men 20

21. Forced Russia to become more like Western Europe
Reformed the Russian Orthodox Church
Banned men under 50 from becoming monks
Changed social ranking from heredity to merit-based
Required children of nobles be educated in math and science
Adjusted the Russian calendar
Required nobles to dress in western style and to cut their beards
Ended arranged marriages 21

22. Forced social reforms 22

23. Expanded Russia’s borders23

24. Peter’s policies hurt the serfs, because they had to pay all of the financial costs24