1. Cellular Respiration
The overall process of cellular respiration converts sugar into ATP using oxygen

2. C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O The equation for the overall process
The reactants in cellular respiration are the same as the products in photosynthesis

3. Ultimate goals of Cellular Respiration
Convert chemical energy in nutrients to chemical energy in ATP
ATP can then release energy for cellular processes
Active transport
Protein synthesis
Muscle contraction

4. Nutrients + oxygen  water + energy (ATP) + carbon dioxide
Any food or organic molecule (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids) can be processed and broken down as a source of energy for ATP molecules

5. Cellular Respiration makes ATP by breaking down sugars
Cellular Respiration is aerobic, or requires oxygen
Aerobic stages take place in the mitochondria
To transfer energy stored in glucose to ATP molecule, a cell must break down glucose slowly and capture the energy stored in stages

6. Glycolysis Glycolysis must take place first
Anaerobic process (does not require oxygen)
Takes place in cytoplasm using enzymes

7. Glycolysis contd.
Splits glucose into two three carbon molecules called pyruvic acid
Produces 2 ATP molecules

8. Cellular Respiration is a mirror image of Photosynthesis
The Krebs Cycle – 1st stage:
**if oxygen is available
Takes place in mitochondrial matrix
Breaks down Pyruvic acid from glycolysis
makes 2 ATP
6H O 2
6CO 6O
mitochondrion
matrix (area enclosed
by inner membrane)
inner membrane
ATP
energy
energy from glycolysis 1 4 3
and

9. Krebs Cycle = Pyruvic Acid  carbon dioxide + water + energy (2 ATP)
Releases carbon dioxide
Transfers energy carrying molecules to electron transport chain
6H O 2
6CO 6O
mitochondrion
matrix (area enclosed
by inner membrane)
inner membrane
ATP
energy
energy from glycolysis 1 4 3
and

10. The electron transport chain produces a large amount of ATP
6H O 2
6CO 6O
mitochondrion
matrix (area enclosed
by inner membrane)
inner membrane
ATP
energy
energy from glycolysis 1 4 3
and
Takes place in inner membrane of mitochondria
Energy transferred to electron transport chain

11. Electron Transport Chain contd.
Oxygen enters process
ATP produced = up to 36
Water released as a waste product
6H O 2
6CO 6O
mitochondrion
matrix (area enclosed
by inner membrane)
inner membrane
ATP
energy
energy from glycolysis 1 4 3
and

12. C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
Reactants: Glucose and oxygen used at different stages
Products: Carbon dioxide and water also produced at different stages
34-36 ATP produced per glucose molecule

13. Fermentation
Fermentation allows the production of a small amount of ATP without oxygen

14. Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue
Makes ATP when oxygen is unavailable
Anaerobic – occurs when oxygen is not available for cellular respiration
Does not produce many ATP

15. Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue making ATP when oxygen is unavailable
Fermentation is not an efficient process and results in the formation of far fewer ATP molecules than cellular respiration
2 types
Lactic acid fermentation
Alcoholic fermentation

16. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Occurs in muscle cells
Glycolysis splits glucose into 2 pyruvic acid molecules
Pyruvic acid enters lactic acid fermentation and gets broken down into lactic acid

17. Glucose  Pyruvic Acid  Lactic acid + energy
The process of lactic acid fermentation replaces aerobic respiration so that the cell can continue to have a source of energy even in the absence of oxygen
Temporary, cells need oxygen for sustained activity
Lactic acid builds up causing burning, painful sensation

18. Fermentation is used in food product
Yogurt
Cheese

19. Alcoholic Fermentation
Similar to lactic acid fermentation
Pyruvic acid from glycolysis enters fermentation and makes alcohol and carbon dioxide

20. Glucose  pyruvic acid  alcohol + carbon dioxide + energy
Occurs in yeasts and some bacteria
Yeast causes bread to rise
Yeast breaks down sugars through glycolysis and alcoholic fermentation
Alcohol evaporates into the air
Holes in bread = CO2 bubbles