3. 3.7 Core 8.1 Additional Higher Level
Cell Respiration
3.7 Core
8.1 Additional Higher Level

4. Animation from Sr. Book

7. Summary of Human Cell Resp

8. 3.7.1 DEFINE cell respiration.
The controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP.
Can take place w/ or w/o oxygen
Either: 1st stage is glycolysis

17. 1 Glucose  2 pyruvate + 2 net ATP In cytoplasm/cytosol
3.7.2 State that, in cell resp, glucose in the cytoplasm is broken down by glycolysis into pyruvate, with a small yield of ATP.
1 Glucose  2 pyruvate + 2 net ATP
In cytoplasm/cytosol
No oxygen necessary
Pyruvate = 3-C molecule

19. 3.7.3 Explain that, during anaerobic resp, pyruvate can be converted in the cytoplasm into lactate, or ethanol and carbon dioxide, with no further yield of ATP.
GLUCOSE
GLYCOLYSIS in cytoplasm
PYRUVATE + small amt ATP
Aerobic Resp in mitochondria
Anaerobic Resp (only when no oxygen) in cytoplasm
Into lactate (3-C) in animals & bacteria, w/small amount ATP
Sprinting! Body doesn’t produce enough ATP to contract muscles w/the limited Oxygen...cramping
Into ethanol (2-C) and CO2 in yeasts and plants, w/small amount ATP
Mmm!
Into CO2 + H2O + lots ATP in animals (muscle)

22. Pyruvate moves into mitochondrion Much more ATP produced
Explain that, during aerobic cell respiration, pyruvate can be broken down in the mitochondrion into carbon dioxide and water with a large yield of ATP.
IF OXYGEN’S PRESENT!
Pyruvate moves into mitochondrion
Much more ATP produced
AEROBIC SUMMARY:

26. Redox (always go together) LEO GER or OIL RIG
8.1.1 State that oxidation involves the loss of electrons from an element, whereas reduction involves a gain of electrons; oxidation frequently involves gaining oxygen or losing hydrogen, whereas reduction frequently involves losing oxygen or gaining hydrogen.
Redox (always go together)
LEO GER or OIL RIG
Oxidation is loss; reduction is gain
Subst that’s been reduced has the power TO reduce other substances, becomes oxidized in the process
NADH
Oxidation
Reduction
Electrons
Loss
Gain
Oxygen
Hydrogen

27. Oxidation:

28. Reduction:

30. 8.1.2 Outline the process of glycolysis, including phosphorylation, lysis, oxidation and ATP formation
Glucose + 2ADP + 2P + 2NAD+  pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H+ + 2H2O
Anaerobic, no O necessary
Small amt ATP, NADH, H+ produced
Oxidation of glucose; reduction of ADP to ATP
Pyruvate (triose)
...

31. 8.1.2 Outline the process of glycolysis, including phosphorylation, lysis, oxidation and ATP formation
1st step: phosphorylation
USE ATP to add P group to glucose
2nd phosphorylation  hexose biphosphate
2nd step: lysis
2 triose phosphate
3rd step: oxidation phosphorylation
 triose biphosphate
Each 1 gives up a P group
 ADP  ATP
Repeat! (2 ATP)
+ 2: pyruvate, NADH, H+

32. 8.1.3 DRAW and label a diagram showing the structure of a mitochondrion as seen in electron micrographs.
Eukaryotes only
Cells that need lots of energy have lots!
Ribosomes, mtDNA
Matrix, cristae, inner/outer membranes

34. Image source unknown

35. Link reaction: b/w glycolysis & Krebs Reaction:
8.1.4 Explain aerobic respiration, including the link reaction, the Krebs cycle, the role of NADH + H+, the electron transport chain and the role of oxygen.
Link reaction:
b/w glycolysis & Krebs
Reaction:
Pyruvate + CoA + NAD+ 
Acetyl CoA + CO2 + NADH + H+
Decarboxylation of pyruvate (CO2 is removed)

36. Krebs Cycle: TCA (tricarboxylic citric acid) cycle In matrix
8.1.4 Explain aerobic respiration, including the link reaction, the Krebs cycle, the role of NADH + H+, the electron transport chain and the role of oxygen.
Krebs Cycle:
TCA (tricarboxylic citric acid) cycle
In matrix
Products, per 1 acetyl CoA: 3NADH + 3H+ + 1FADH2 + 1ATP + 2CO2
Cyclic
Acetyl CoA... (2-C; product of link)

37. Pyruvate (3C)
CO2
Acetyl CoA (2C) 6C 5C 4C
CO2
CO2

38. Krebs Cycle: Acetyl CoA + 4-C  6-C Decarboxylated  5-C & CO2
Same one that reacts with Acetyl CoA!
P.140

39. One cycle – 1 Acetyl CoA  1 CoA, 2CO2 Purpose???? Produce energy!!!
Also produce:
3 NADH, 3H+ (e- carrier/H+ acceptor/reduced)
1 FADH (e- carrier/H+ acceptor/reduced)
1 ATP

41. 8.1.5 Explain oxidative phosphorylation in terms of chemiosmosis.
OVERALL...1 glucose  6 CO2
So far, no O2 used, little ATP produced
LAST STAGE... E-carriers used to make more ATP
AEROBIC!
ETC, on cristae’s phospholipid bilayer
ETC = proteins, pass e-, pump H+ from matrix to intermembrane space...to reduction of oxygen  water

42. Proton gradient drives ADP + P  ATP “Chemiosmotic theory”
ATP synthase
“Chemiosmotic theory”
Explains how synthesis of ATP is coupled to electron transport & proton movement

43. Net result: p. 140
Pass high energy e- down ETC, H pumped across inner membrane
Build up of H+ in intermemb space
[] gradient (proton-motive force) drives H+ through ATP synthase (chemiosmotic channel), ATP is made.

45. Energy from NADH, FADH2 transferred to ATP
H+ , e- + Oxygen  water
Aerobic
No oxygen: no water, no NAD+ or FAD, so no Krebs cycle...
Acetyl CoA builds up, no longer produced from pyruvate...
Glycolysis ok; anaerobic resp

46. 8.1.6 Explain the relationship between the structure of the mitochondrion and its function.
Outer membrane
Barrier to cytoplasm
Inter-membrane space
Higher [H+] b/c ETC
Small volume
Small amt H+  big difference
Inner membrane
Folds (cristae)...surface area for ETC, ATP synthase
Impermeable to H+
Matrix
Enzymes for Krebs

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