1. Cells and Energy

2. Chemical Energy and ATP
The chemical energy used for most cell processes is carried by ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
ATP transfers energy for cell processes such as building new molecules and transporting materials.

3. Chemical Energy and ATP
Organisms break down carbon-based molecules to produce ATP.
Carbon based molecules include proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids

4. Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis: process that produces sugars that store chemical energy
Chlorophyll: a molecule in chloroplasts that absorbs some of the energy in visible light

5. Chloroplasts Located in leaf cells
Grana – stacks of coin-shaped, membrane-enclosed compartments called thylakoids
Thylakoids – contain the chlorophyll, other light-absorbing molecules, and proteins
Stroma – the fluid that surrounds the grana

6. Light Dependent vs Independent
Light dependent – chlorophyll absorbs energy from sun, H2O broken down, O2 released, energy is transferred to ATP
Independent - CO2 is added to build larger molecules, energy from the light dependent reactions is used, sugar is formed

7. Cellular Respiration Process converts sugar into ATP using oxygen
Respiration is like a mirror image of photosynthesis

8. Glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle
Glycolysis – splits glucose into smaller molecules and produces ATP
Takes place in the cytoplasm
Anaerobic (no oxygen needed)
Krebs cycle – second part of cell respiration that produces ATP and water
Takes place in the mitochondria
Four steps

9. Krebs Cycle Steps

10. Fermentation
A process that breaks down sugars to produce ATP without oxygen
Fermentation and its products are important in several ways (ex. alcohol, yogurt, cheese)