1. Find your birthstone

2. What did you have for breakfast this morning?
What is found in our food that makes it healthy?

3. Do you take a multivitamin?
Why? What does it have in it?

4. They all involve minerals!

5. Compare/Contrast
In your colored bin, you will find a rock and a mineral.
Discuss with your group-which is which? How do you know?
Part 1: Make observations
Part 2: Make a claim and defend it with evidence

6. Part 1: How did it form – a hint
Use your rock cycle diagram, what process/stage of the rock cycle is being shown as Object B forms?

7. Definition of Rock and Mineral

8. So which is which? What is your evidence?
A B
A= Rock B= Mineral

9. The Building Blocks of Rocks
Minerals!!!!
The Building Blocks of Rocks

10. Formation: Extra info-Igneous rocks form as magma or lava cools and hardens
Crystals can grow slowly and be large (intrusive rocks like granite)
Crystals can grow quickly and be smaller (extrusive rocks like basalt)

11. Minerals
There are over 3,000 kinds of minerals, only about 30 are common, the rest are rare.

12. Minerals-What are they?
Minerals are the building blocks of rocks.

13. Minerals-What are they?
Minerals can be rare and beautiful.

14. Minerals-What are they?
Minerals can be useful in objects and for our health.

15. Minerals-Where are they found?
Minerals exist all over the world

16. Minerals-Where are they found?
Minerals are formed as rocks or left behind after water has evaporated away.

17. Mineral Characteristics
To be a mineral, the substance must have all of the five following characteristics:

18. Characteristics of a Mineral
All minerals are made naturally by the Earth.

19. Mineral Characteristics
2. Minerals are inorganic. They are not made by and do not contain living or once living things.

20. Mineral Characteristics
3. Minerals are always a solid.
YES!!!

21. Mineral Characteristics
Minerals have an orderly arrangement of repeating atom patterns. (crystals)

22. Mineral Characteristics
More Mineral shapes:

23. Mineral Characteristics
Minerals have a definite chemical composition. (a specific recipe)
For example, diamonds are always made of Carbon (C) only.
Salt is always made of Sodium and Chloride (NaCl)

24. Mineral Characteristics A summary:
Naturally formed
Inorganic
Solid
Contains a repeating pattern of atoms (crystals)
Definite chemical composition

25. Am I a mineral??? A Review Quiz Mark each number as
M= Mineral or NM= Non-mineral
Be prepared to defend your choice with evidence from the notes!

26. 1. Am I a mineral?
A Glacier
Yes!

27. 2. Am I a mineral?
A Gold Nugget
Yes!

28. 3. Am I a mineral?
A Sea Shell
No-made by a living thing

29. 4. Am I a mineral?
A Quartz Crystal
Yes!

30. 5. Am I a mineral?
A Raindrop
No-not a solid

31. A diamond still embedded in a rock
6. Am I a mineral?
A diamond still embedded in a rock
Yes!

32. No-was once a living thing
7. Am I a mineral?
A Fossil
No-was once a living thing

33. No-was once a living thing (plants)
8. Am I a mineral?
A lump of coal
No-was once a living thing (plants)

34. 9. Am I a mineral?
Man-made diamonds
No-not naturally made

35. 10. Am I a mineral?
Iron Pyrite
(Fool’s Gold)
Yes!

36. 11. Am I a mineral?
A Snowflake
Yes!

37. 12. Am I a mineral?
An Ice Cube
No-not naturally made

38. The End
Homework: summarize the five characteristics of minerals on your guided notes.

39. 1. Am I a mineral?
A Glacier

40. 2. Am I a mineral?
A Gold Nugget

41. 3. Am I a mineral?
A Sea Shell

42. 4. Am I a mineral?
A Quartz Crystal

43. 5. Am I a mineral?
A Raindrop

44. A diamond still embedded in a rock
6. Am I a mineral?
A diamond still embedded in a rock

45. 7. Am I a mineral?
A Fossil

46. 8. Am I a mineral?
A lump of coal

47. 9. Am I a mineral?
Man-made diamonds

48. 10. Am I a mineral?
Iron Pyrite
(Fool’s Gold)

49. 11. Am I a mineral?
A Snowflake

50. 12. Am I a mineral?
An Ice Cube

51. Homework Corrections 5 characteristics shared by all minerals:
Naturally formed
Inorganic
Solid
Contains a repeating pattern of atoms
Definite chemical composition

52. Gems
Gems are valuable because they are rare and beautiful.

53. Most gems are a special variety of a particular mineral, but they are clearer, brighter, or more colorful than the common sample.
Common variety Gem quality variety

54. PERIDOT – Rough direct from mine and professionally cut by jeweler.
TOPAZ – Rough direct from mine and professionally cut and “heated treated” by jeweler to bring out the blue color.
PERIDOT – Rough direct from mine and professionally cut by jeweler.

55. Gems (like the ruby and sapphire) and the common form (corundum) of the same mineral may have only small chemical differences.
Traces of iron in quartz (left) give amethyst (right) its valuable purple color.

56. Corundum
Corundum is a very hard mineral (hardness 9); In its rare pure form, corundum is colorless and called white sapphire. Rubies contain chromic oxide, blue sapphires contain titanium along with ferrous oxide, and yellow sapphires contain ferric oxide.

57. Famous Gems
The intense orange phosphorescence of the Hope Diamond is only visible in a dark room after exposure to ultraviolet light.  One of the diamonds surrounding the Hope is phosphorescing blue.   Photograph by John Nels Hatleberg.

58. 530 carat “Star of Africa” diamond

59. carat black diamond

60. 726 carats (rough) Jonker diamond
125 carats (cut)

61. The Black Star Sapphire of Queensland Australia
733 carats of black sapphire, 35 diamonds
Was for sale in 2002 for $100 million dollars
Was found by a 14 year old and originally used as a doorstop

62. Gems are valued based on the 4 C’s: Color, Cut, Clarity, and Carats
Smithsonian recent acquisitions

63. Color

64. Color-saturation
Color can range from light to dark. A gem is more valuable the closer its color is to the true color (not pale or so dark it is black).
Some gems will even have different color saturation levels within them.

65. Natural Diamond Colors

66. Cut
This poorly-cut lemon citrine is windowed. Notice you can read the underlying text through the gem's centre.

67. The cut can greatly enhance a gem’s appearance.
The lime citrine (left) is slightly windowed and very poorly cut. The same gemstone has been recut (right) Notice the ‘fogginess’ of the gem before recut, the small window in the middle and lack of symmetry.

68. The best cut is selected for each gem based on its starting shape.
Rough uncut diamonds

69. Skilled gem cutters will follow specific patterns

71. Clarity-how clear it is

72. This emerald–cut quartz from Brazil has a blue anatase crystal inclusion as well as needle-like inclusions of rutile. In this specimen, we can see the anatase inclusion seemingly floating in this clear quartz gem. Anatase is a form of titanium dioxide and is usually found as small, isolated, well-developed crystals.
Diamond with Garnet  Solid inclusions may be the same gem type as the host, or different like the garnet in this diamond.

73. Thousands of needlelike mineral inclusions create a star-like pattern or cat’s eye pattern (asterism) when the stone is cut properly

74. Carat Rounds Squares Ovals Size Weight 1.6 mm .02 carat 5 mm .75 carat
      
Squares
Ovals
Size
Weight
1.6 mm
.02 carat
5 mm
.75 carat
5 x 3 mm
.25 carat
2 mm
.03 carat
6 mm
1.3 carat
6 x 4 mm
.5 carat
2.5 mm
.06 carat
7 mm
2.05 carat
7 x 5 mm
1.0 carat
3 mm
.10 carat
8 mm
2.9 carat
8 x 6 mm
1.5 carat
3.5 mm
.16 carat
9 mm
4.4 carat
9 x 7 mm
2.5 carat
4 mm
10 mm
6.0 carat
10 x 8 mm
3.0 carat
4.5 mm
.33 carat
11 mm
8.0 carat
11 x 9 mm
4.0 carat
.50 carat
12 mm
10.35 carat
12 x 10 mm
5.0 carat
5.5 mm
.65 carat
13 mm
13.2 carat
14 x 10 mm
14 mm
16.5 carat
14 x 12 mm
6.5 mm
15 mm
20.25 carat
16 x 12 mm
10.5 carat

75. Cool Gypsum Crystals-Mexico
scishow 1

76. Gem formation

77. Rock vs. Mineral

78. Top 10 expensive gemstones

79. Salt
MINERAL!

80. Cement
Non-Mineral
Man-Made

81. Wood
Non-mineral
Not inorganic (from a plant)

82. Copper
MINERAL

83. Sugar
Non-mineral
From a plant (not inorganic)

84. Oxygen
Non-mineral
Not a solid

85. Silver
MINERAL!

86. Snowflake
MINERAL!

87. Seashell
Non-mineral
Made by an animal (not inorganic)

88. Raindrops
Non-mineral
Not a solid

89. Diamonds
MINERAL!