1. CONCURRENT ENROLLMENT
CHAPTER 7
CONCURRENT ENROLLMENT

2. SOLUTIONS Solutions Made up of a solute and solvent Solute
Less amount than solvent
Solvent
Largest amount in a solution

3. CONTINUED
Dissolving
A term used to describe the process of solution formation when one or more solutes are dispersed in a solvent to form a homogeneous mixture
Like dissolves like
Polar solvents will dissolve
Nonpolar solvents will dissolve

4. SOLUBILITY Soluble - A substance that dissolves in a solvent
Insoluble - A substance that does not dissolve in a solvent
Two liquids that can be mixed but separate shortly after are immiscible.
Oil and water
Solubility
Maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a specific amount of solvent under specific conditions of temperature and pressure (overhead)

5. CONTINUED
Unsaturated solutions are solutions that contain less dissolved solute for a given temperature and pressure than a saturated solution.
Saturated solutions contain the maximum amount of dissolved solute for a given amount of solute at a specific temperature and pressure.
A supersaturated solution contains more dissolved solute than a saturated solution at the same temperature
To form a supersaturated solution, a saturated solution is formed at high temperature and then slowly cooled.
Supersaturated solutions are unstable
Demo

7. SOLUTION PROCESS Learning check page 209
Ionic solids are held together by charge attraction. The attraction to the water molecule is greater than between the ions so they dissociates
Hydrated ion
A solute will not dissolve in a solvent if
The forces between solute particles are too strong to be overcome by interactions with the solvent particle
The solvent particles are more strongly attracted to each other

8. CONTINUED
Ionic compounds will dissolve in water following the rules found on page Memorize
Ways to increase the dissolving rate
Crush or grind the solute (smaller particles have more surface area)
Heat the solvent (solvent molecules are moving faster)
Stirring (places unsaturated solvent by the solute particles)

9. The concentration of a solution is a measure of how much solute is dissolved in a specific amount of solvent or solution
Concentration can be described as concentrated or dilute.

10. MOLARITY Concentration Molarity M (molarity) = moles of solute
liters of solution
Learning check page 215
Percent concentration
% = part X 100
total
Weight/weight percent
%(w/w) = solute mass X 100
solution mass

11. PROBLEMS Weight/volume percent Volume/volume percent
%(w/v) = grams of solute X 100
milliliters of solution
Volume/volume percent
%(v/v) = solute volume X 100
solution volume

12. CONTINUED
M1V1 = M2V2 or C1V1 = C2V2
C = M, %(v/v), or %(w/v)

13. PROPERTIES Figure 7.10 page 221 Learning check page 223 Electrolyte
Ionic compounds are electrolytes because they dissociate in water to form a solution that conducts electricity.
Electrolytes that produce many ions are strong electrolytes.
Electrolytes that produce only a few ions are weak electrolytes
Nonelectrolyte
Many molecular compounds do not ionize when dissolved, and do not conduct electricity, these are called nonelectrolytes.
There are some exceptions, so those molecular compounds that do ionize are electrolytes

14. CONTINUED
Colligative properties are physical properties of solutions that are affected by the number of particles but not by the identity of dissolved solute particles.
Colligative means depending on the collection
Colligative properties include: vapor pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression and osmotic pressure.
Δtf = nKfM
K = constant, will be given, M = molarity, Δt = change in temperature

15. OSMOTIC PRESSURE
Hydrostatic pressure required to prevent the net flow of solvent through a semipermeable membrane into a solution
Osmosis is the diffusion of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane

16. Osmolarity Demo Learning check page 230
π = nMRT; n = moles, M = molarity, R = constant, T = temperature
Demo
Learning check page 230

17. COLLOIDS
Homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in which the dispersed substances are present as larger particles than are found in solution
Dispersing medium - is the solvent
Dispersed phase - is the solute
Solute particles found in solutions do not scatter light, whereas dispersed phase particles in colloids do. This is called the Tyndall effect
Emulsifying agent
Mayonnaise is a colloid of oil in water, with egg yolk acting as the emulsifying agent

18. DIALYSIS AND RED BLOOD CELLS
A process in which solvent molecules, small molecules and hydrated ions pass from a solution through a membrane
Dialyzing membrane
A semipermeable membrane with pores large enough to allow
Solvent molecules, small molecules and hydrated ions to pass through
When RBC cells are placed in distilled water it causes the water to flow into the cell to lower the concentration level
When this occurs it causes the cell to burst this is called

19. CONTINUED
When the concentration of the fluid outside of the cell is higher it causes the water to flow out of the cell
When this occurs it causes the cell to shrink this is called
Crenation
Intravenous drips must be made correctly so that the osmolarity
Hypertonic
higher concentration of solutes outside the cell than inside the cell
Hypotonic
higher concentration of solutes inside the cell than outside the cell