1. “OBTAINABLE” COD REMOVAL RATE VERSUS
TOTAL COD LOADING RATE
”Obtainable" COD removal rate : (CODinfluent-SCODeffluent)*Q/A
Period 1 and 2
Period 3
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

2. RESULTS SETTLING EXPERIMENTS
Influence of organic loading
rate in bioreactor on settleability
Influence of polymer
addition on settleability
Medium charge, high MW cationic polymer
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

3. SECONDARY TREATMENT PROCESS
A HIGH RATE
SECONDARY TREATMENT PROCESS
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

4. SSEFFL VERSUS ME-DOSE AND POLYMER DOSE
PolyDADMAC
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

5. PARTICULATE COD FRACTIONS IN RAW AND FLOTATED WATER
WITH DIFFERENT POLYDADMAC DOSAGES
AND 0.2 MMOL FE/L .
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

6. LAMELLA FLOTATION UNIT
HIGH RATE FLOTATION UNITS
LAMELLA FLOTATION UNIT
20-25 m/h
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

7. MEMBRANE BIOREACTORS FOR WW TREATMENT
Membrane bioreactors are being
taken into use, mainly based on
low-loaded activated sludge systems
Activated sludge membrane bioreactors has the ability to overcome the inherent
weaknesses of AS
(large volume, poor settling)
But there are still many challenges:
Energy consumption
Pre-treatment
Cost
Membrane biofilm reactors will be developed that may have higher fluxes, less cake formation and simpler membrane cleaning
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

8. NEW TYPES OF MEMBRANES AND MEMBRANE MODULES WILL BE DEVELOPED
Permeate
Concentrate
SEM of membrane:
Feed
Sintered metal membrane
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

9. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
WHAT ABOUT
NITROGEN
REMOVAL ?
The principal nutrient
removal strategies
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

10. CALCULATED BIODEGRADABLE, SOLUBLE COD
(BSCOD) CONCENTRATION VS TOTAL COD
IN SOME SCANDINAVIAN PLANTS
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

11. PROCESSES TAKING PLACE
IN THE SEWER SYSTEM
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

12. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
GARDERMOEN WWTP
(Bioreactor HRT: 3 hrs)
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

13. PRE-COAGULATION/COMBINED DENITRIFICATION
WITH INTERNALLY MADE CARBON SOURCE
PRODUCED FROM SLUDGE BY THERMAL HYDROLYSIS
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

14. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
Cost/benefit analyses for different methods
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

15. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
Energy/benefit evaluation for different methods
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

16. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
SUSTAINABLE URBAN WATER SYSTEMS
Two schools :
1. The present centralized system should be replaced by alternative systems based on local handling
2. The present centralized system is the only realistic one, but it should be modified to be in agree-
ment with sustainable development
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

17. IN SMALL DECENTRALISED CYCLES
SOURCE SEPARATION
IN SMALL DECENTRALISED CYCLES
New equipment may be needed
Example: Urine-separating toilets
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

18. NATURE-BASED (low-tech) PROCESS-BASED (high-tech)
HIGH-TECH OR LOW-TECH LOCAL WWTP SOLUTIONS ?
NATURE-BASED (low-tech)
SOLUTIONS
PROCESS-BASED (high-tech)
SOLUTIONS
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

19. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
NATURE-BASED (LOW-TECH)
Ponds
Contructed wetlands
Infiltration systems
CONSTRUCTED WETLAND FILTER
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

20. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
PROCESS-BASED (HIGH-TECH) SYSTEMS
Japanese Johkasou
Norwegian SBR-plant
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

21. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
RECLAIMED WASTEWATER FOR URBAN REUSE
Reclaimed wastewater for
toilet flushing in dual systems
Reclaimed wastewater for
landscaping (lakes, brooks, wetlands)
Two approaches:
citywide system
small scale local systems
Great demand for acceptable water
Extraction from potable water
source too expensive-not sustainable
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

22. THE TWO OUTGOING STREAMS FROM A WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
The wastewater
Water itself
Nutrients
Heat
The wastewater sludge
Nutrients
Energy potential
Biogas and Biofuel
Metals (coagulants)
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

23. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
FINAL SLUDGE DISPOSAL OPTIONS
DEPOSITION/CONTAINMENT
On land – landfills – phasing out
In the ocean – phased out
Incineration ash deposition
RECYCLING (”PRODUCTIFICATION”)
Production of ”bio-soils”
Recovery of phosphate
Recovery of energy
USE ON LAND
Direct use on farmland as fertilizer/soil conditioner
Use of ”bio-solis” (constructed soils) on green areas
Quantity and disposal of communal sludge in EU (in 1000 tons of dry solids)
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

24. USE OF “BIO-SOILS” ON “GREENS”
THE ”USE ON LAND” STRATEGIES
DIRECT USE ON FARMLAND
USE OF “BIO-SOILS” ON “GREENS”
The most commonly used and
probably the most sustainable
sludge resource recycling option !
But : Under considerable threat !
Bio-soils: Mixture of treated sludge,
filling materials (sand, clay, bark etc)
and nutrients (N,P,K)
Primarily used on green areas (parks,
sporting fields, gardens, green houses)
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

25. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
TREATMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR DIRECT USE ON LAND
HYGIENIZATION –
to prevent infection of people
and animals
STABILISATION –
to prevent odour
DEWATERING –
to ease the spreading of sludge
on farmland
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

26. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
RECYCLE/PRODUCTIFICATION STRATEGIES
The market place
Internal
loops
Sludge
”factory”
Local recycling
Centralized recycling
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

27. THE MARKET POTENTIAL OF THE PRODUCTS
THE MARKET POTENTIAL OF THE PRODUCTS
Only bio-soils, electricity, phosphate and heat seem to have a potential
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

28. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
EXAMPLES FROM USE OF ”BIO-SOILS” IN TRONDHEIM
Graveyard
Topsoil
Ski-jump
Turfroof
Gardens
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

29. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
ENERGY MANAGEMENT AT RYA
District heating
Treated water 6-7oC colder
Heat power engine for
el-production
Boiler for
heat product.
Biogas for
car-fuel
Treated
waste
water
Heat pump plant
Gas storage
Waste
water
sludge
Bio-soil
Biogas plant w/heat exchanger
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

30. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
Heat from incineration
Heat value of raw sludge : 14 MJ/kgDS (3,85 kWh/kgDS)
----”---- digested sludge : 12 MJ/kgDS (3,30 kWh/kgDS)
The biogas potential should be taken out before incineration
The energy needed for evaporation of the water is balanced by the energy produced by incineration at a sludge DS of about 25 %.
Higher DS gives a net heat amount
Typical process solutions :
Dewat.
Drying
Inciner.
Hydrol.
Dewat.
Inciner.
Hydrol.
Digest.
Dewat.
Inciner.
Dewat.
Drying.
Bio-Pellets
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

31. EXAMPLE OF A SLUDGE PRODUCT RECYCLING CONCEPT
(KREPRO)
Recyclable
products:
Biofuel
Precipitant
Phosphorous
Carbon source
for N-removal
Removed :
Pathogens
Heavy metals
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

32. UTILIZING SLUDGE IN BUILDING PRODUCTS
(here: cement production in Jaoan)
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard

33. Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard
CONCLUSIONS
I believe that we will see
a change in technologies
towards:
Wastewater as a resource
This requires special
attention to :
The role of particles
Appropriate selection
of processes
Recycling of nutrients (P)
Hygienic control
Adapted from Du Pont PERMASEP
Permeators
NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard