1. United States Industrializes

2. The US Industrializes
After the Civil War, the United States saw a rapid growth in industrialization.
A wealth of natural resources in the country contributed to the ability of the country to industrialize.
Timber, coal, iron, copper
petroleum

3. The US Industrializes
An increase in the population added to the workforce and helped businesses grow rapidly.
Nearly triples from
Large families and flood of immigrants
By the late 1800s the nation’s gross national product had increased quickly.

4. New Inventions
New inventions and technology helped fuel the industrialization of the nation.
Communication and transportation innovations changed the way people lived.
Production of technological goods provided many jobs and allowed the growth of large businesses.

5. New Inventions Electricity improvements- Thomas Edison
AC Currents- George Westinghouse
Underwater telegraph wire- Cyrus Field
Telephone- Alexander Graham Bell
Others include typewriter, camera, dishwasher, refrigerated RR car

6. Free Enterprise
Industrialization grew, in part, by the promotion of laissez-faire economics.
An economic system with little or no government regulation is called a free enterprise system.
The free enterprise system promoted entrepreneurism and the growth of new businesses.

7. Free Enterprise
Northern and Southern states disagreed on the use of tariffs and subsidies in businesses.
Tariff- Tax on imports
Subsidy- money granted by the government to assist an industry or business so that the price of a commodity or service may remain low or competitive.
After the Civil War, supporters of laissez-faire systems contributed to the nation’s economic growth.

8. Free Enterprise
High tariffs were inconsistent with the laissez-faire concept of the free market and hurt U.S. exports.
By the early 1900s, the United States was one of the largest free- trade areas in the world.

9. Linking the Nation
The construction of the Transcontinental Railroad transformed the American West.
The Union and Central Pacific railroads were the first of many railroad lines to connect the country.

10. Linking the Nation
The transportation system meant an expansion of industry because of improved delivery of goods.
Ease of transportation spurred tourist industries and the need for multiple time zones.

11. Robber Barons
The money to build the railroads came from government land grants.
Railroad entrepreneurs accumulated great wealth while raising money for construction.
Scandals and bribery were common among railroad entrepreneurs.

12. Robber Barons
People who grew wealthy from the railroad in unethical ways were called robber barons.
Jay Gould– owned over 15,000 miles of track
Cornelius Vanderbilt– first to offer NYC to Chicago train travel
The Great Northern RR did not use government land grants

13. Rise of Big Business
As industrialization and technology progressed, the 20th century brought the rise of the corporation.
There are different classifications of corporations, based on the type of business.
Stockholders own some corporations through shares of ownership, called stock.
There are advantages to big corporations, such as the ability to make more goods at a lower cost.

14. Consolidating Industry
New business strategies in the early 20th century allowed businesses to compete and grow.
Some corporations eliminated their competition through business models and business organization structures.
Oil and steel
John D. Rockefeller & Andrew Carnegie

15. Consolidating Industry
Steel and oil companies grew to be large corporations, nearly monopolizing their industries.
New types of business organizations developed, such as trusts, holding companies, and investment banking industries.
Advertising developed as a way to attract customers and sell products.

16. Consider… Classes can extend beyond school hours.
Lunch periods are 5 minutes.
All tests are unannounced.
Student council is prohibited.
Any absence results in grade loss.
Protest results in expulsion.

17. Unions
Working conditions became difficult and unsafe for many laborers.
Inflation caused worker wages to fall, and workers and laborers organized to demand better pay and working conditions.
Unions used strikes to try to get higher pay and improved conditions.
Three main goals of unions
Higher wages, shorter hours, benefits

18. Unions
Some companies opposed unions and locked out workers who joined them.
yellow-dog contracts
Unions struggled to grow and be accepted on a large scale
Large strikes occurred, making the work of unions more well known across the country.

19. The Great Railroad Strike
July 1877 Baltimore & Ohio RR cuts wages for 3rd time
Thousands walk off jobs
80,000 workers affect 2/3 of nation’s railways
Destroy equipment
Major cities without rail service
New York City, Baltimore, Chicago, St Louis, Pittsburgh

20. The Great Railroad Strike
Gun fights erupt between militia and workers
President Hayes sends in federal troops
12 bloody days of battle ensue
100 dead, over $10 million in RR property destroyed

21. Haymarket Riot
1886 Chicago– supporters of 8 hour work day strike on May 1st
May 3rd- police try to break up fight in picket line, shoot on strikers killing four
May 4th- 3,000 people gather to protest shooting
Bomb thrown into crowd, police open fire, workers shoot back
170 injured, 10 police killed
8 arrested and convicted of bombing, four executed

22. Unions
Some unions tried to bargain with employers to reach agreements.
arbitration
Unions and corporations often clashed, courts sometime step in
injunction
Jimmy Hoffa

23. Unions
New industrial unions emerged to support different kinds of workers.
Specialized unions focused on the needs of different types of workers.
Although unions fought for workers’ rights, most excluded women. Specialized unions for women emerged.