1. 9 The Respiratory System
Lesson 9.1: Functions and Anatomy of the Respiratory System Lesson 9.2: Respiration: Mechanics and Control Lesson 9.3: Respiratory Disorders and Diseases

2. Functions and Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Chapter 9: The Respiratory System
Lesson 9.1
Functions and Anatomy of the Respiratory System

3. Anatomy of the Respiratory System
the nose
the nasal cavity
the pharynx
the larynx
the trachea
the bronchi
the lungs

4. Anatomy of the Respiratory System

5. Anatomy of the Respiratory System
the nose
nares
the nasal cavity
Lined with mucous membranes to filter and purify
Ciliated, olfactory hairs/receptors, nerves and vessels
Conchae –scrolls that increase surface area
Superior, inferior and middle- 3 passageways
Increase turbulence to help filter particles----boogers

6. Anatomy of the Respiratory System
the palate
Separates nasal cavity from oral cavity
Uvula
Cleft palate
the sinuses-4 of them (frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoid, maxillary)
Lighten head ( holes)
warm and humidify air, increase tone
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7. The Upper Respiratory Tract

8. Anatomy of the Respiratory System
the pharynx- 5in
Tonsils- lymph
Eustachian
the larynx
8 plates of cartilage
Thyroid cartilage
Adams apple
Epiglottis
Vocal folds
the trachea 4 in
5th vertebrae
C rings

9. Anatomy of the Respiratory System
the bronchi
primary bronchi- R and L
R shorter (top lobe)
bronchioles
the alveoli
surfactant
pores of Kohn- allow macrophage travel
the alveolar capillary membrane
Gas exchange (diffusion)

11. Anatomy of the Respiratory System
the lungs- 2.5 pounds, float
Mediastinum
Central area where heart, esophagus, etc located
Left Lung- 2 lobes, indentation for the heart
Right Lung- 3 lobes
Apex- top sits just below collarbone
pleural sac
parietal pleura
visceral pleura

12. Respiration: Mechanics and Control
Chapter 9: The Respiratory System
Lesson 9.2
Respiration: Mechanics and Control

13. Respiration: Mechanics and Control
nonrespiratory air maneuvers
control of breathing
lung volume

14. Respiration also known as breathing
air always moves from a higher pressure area to a lower pressure area
four key tasks involved in respiration
pulmonary ventilation- lungs move air in and out *
external respiration- oxygen introduction *
respiratory gas transport- O2 and CO2 exchange- 10&11
internal respiration- gas exchange at cellular level-10&11

15. Respiration Boyle’s law
Gas volume is inversely proportional to its pressure
At rest ( no airflow), intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure are at 760mm Hg
Drop in intrapulmonary pressure= take in air
Rise in internal pressure= expel air

16. Respiration inspiration (inhalation)- active process
Diaphragm flattens and external intercostal muscles contract
thoracic cavity expands, pulling the lungs to expand
pressure decreases to 757mm Hg ( negative pressure/vacuum)
expiration (exhalation)- passive process
Diaphragm rises and external intercostal muscles relax
thoracic cavity shrinks
IP pressure rises a little- 763 mmHg (positive pressure/air forced out)

17. Respiration

18. Nonrespiratory Air Maneuvers

19. Control of Breathing 12-15 breaths per minute
neural factors- control normal breathing pattern
Pons (depth of breath and control of inhale/exhale transition)
medulla oblongata (rate)
Medulla triggers phrenic and IC nerves
Stretch receptors in alveoli (Hering-Breuer)-vagal stimulation to exhale

20. Control of Breathing chemical factors- CO2 is the trigger!
central chemoreceptors: CSF pH ( high CO2 levels increase acidity)
CO2 can cross the blood/brain barrier
Inspiratory triggers- increase rate and depth of breaths
peripheral chemoreceptors: Blood O2 levels (minor monitoring of pH and CO2 levels
Mechanoreceptors: at the start of increased muscle activity, until CO2 builds up and chemoreceptors take over
Women have a higher RR than Men, Children have a higher RR than adults ( infants 40-60)
Exercise increases RR ( duh) by ~50 bpm, position and emotions can also affect RR

21. Lung Volume Varies static
Measure air volume in lungs during regular and forced breathing (can only measure by inhaled/exhaled amount)
Tidal Volume= air inhaled in normal breath ( measured for 6+ breaths)
Vital capacity- Deepest breath, then forced exhale as much as possible
Residual volume- what doesn’t leave – can’t measure- requires math and more advanced measurements

22. Static Lung Volume functional residual capacity
Amount of air left over
inspiratory reserve volume
Inhale after normal inspiration
expiratory reserve volume
Total exhale after normal exhale
total lung capacity
Vital capacity+ residual volume
IRV+TV+ERV+RV=~6L

23. Dynamic Lung Volume- air volume in lungs based on forced expiratory maneuvers
Measured by flow-volume meter for several normal breaths
forced expiratory volume in one second (normal breath)- how well the lungs expel air
forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity (after deep breath): normal is about 6 seconds
Airway diseases such as COPD, emphysema and asthma decrease this value to ~80%
Lung related diseases that cause lung stiffness, such as pneumonia or CF decrease BOTH values

24. Respiratory Disorders and Diseases
Chapter 9: The Respiratory System
Lesson 9.3
Respiratory Disorders and Diseases

25. Respiratory Disorders and Diseases
upper respiratory tract illnesses- most common
Nasopharyngitis= common cold
lower respiratory tract illnesses
chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases
asthma
lung cancer

26. Upper Respiratory Tract Illnesses

27. Upper Respiratory Tract Illnesses avg = 2-4/ year
avoiding URIs
cover when sneezing and coughing
wash hands
don’t touch hands to eyes, nose, mouth
Influenza
VIRAL
5-20%infected per year
25000 deaths/ year
Vaccine
Problems?
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28. Lower Respiratory Tract Illnesses
acute bronchitis
Inflammation of tracheal and bronchial mm
Cough (usually +cold/virus)
NSAID, decongestant/expectorant
pneumonia
Infection of lungs (viral, bacterial, fungal, parasitic)
Damage to lung cells causes fluid buildup
Gas exchange decreased
Xrays, +/- cultures, Abx, and O2
Tuberculosis- mycobacterium tuberculosis
Contagious infection of lungs ( can travel to other systems)
Some strains resistant to abx
2-4 week confinement/isolation (infected droplets)

29. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases
Defined- any lung disorder with long term airway obstruction and difficulty breathing (emphysema and chronic ( > 3 month duration) bronchitis= most common), long term disability, 5% of all deaths in the world (# 3 in the US)
causes
Smoking- ANY TYPE ( even secondhand or occupational exposure), toxic fumes, pollution, chemicals
Increases risk of illnesses, depression, and dyspnea worsens over time
living with COPD ( because there is no cure)
stop smoking (causes 1/5 deaths per year-addiction)
purse-lipped breathing ( technique where inhale through nose, exhale through pursed lips slowly)
Respiratory therapy, bronchodilators, anti-inflammatory meds
Therapy DOES NOT slow the dz, only quitting

30. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases
Emphysema- form of COPD
Chronic lung inflammation, alveolar damage, capillary bed damage leading to alveolar rupture- less gas exchange and decreased lung surface area
Hyperventilation triggered to dispel extra CO2-“pink puffers”
chronic bronchitis
Inflammation and excessive mucous obstructs airways
Bacteria can thrive trapped in mucous of lungs
Inc mucous causes decreased RR and inc Cardiac output
Gas exchange still possible
“blue bloaters”- hypoxemia and increased residual volume

31. Asthma asthma attack inflamed and narrowed airways Bronchospasms
Increased mucous production
Wheezing, tightness, cough
caused by family history, allergens or irritants
treatment relaxes muscles to expand airways, limiting exposure to allergens
8% of adults and 9% of children
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32. Lung cancer 90% from smoking
Asbestos, radiation, secondhand smoke, toxins
Death within 1 year (slow growth, fast metastasis, lung function loss)
Small cell or non-small cell
Non more common- slower spread
Small metastasizes before detectible tumor forms
Both- radiation, chemo, tumor removal if caught early