1. Bell Ringer Wednesday October 4, 2017
Look at the following steps of the flow of energy through living systems. Write them in the order that you think is correct.
Animals eat plants to get energy.
Plants absorb sunlight .
Plants use chemical energy to make organic compounds.
Light from the sun reaches Earth.
Plants convert sunlight into chemical energy.

2. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Energy Conversions in the Cell
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3. Photosynthesis Video

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Photosynthesis
Energy & Life
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5. Overview of Photosynthesis
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Autotrophs
Plants and some other types of organisms that contain chlorophyll are able to use light energy from the sun to produce food.
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Autotrophs
Autotrophs include organisms that make their own food
Autotrophs can use the sun’s energy directly
Euglena
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Heterotrophs
Heterotrophs are organisms that can NOT make their own food
Heterotrophs can NOT directly use the sun’s energy
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9. Candles release energy as HEAT & LIGHT
Energy Takes Many Forms such as light, heat, electrical, chemical, mechanical
Energy can be changed from one form to another
Energy can be stored in chemical bonds & then released later
Candles release energy as HEAT & LIGHT
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ATP – Cellular Energy
Adenosine Triphosphate
Contains two, high-energy phosphate bonds
Also contains the nitrogen base adenine & a ribose sugar
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11. One phosphate bond has been removed
ADP
Adenosine Diphosphate
ATP releases energy, a free phosphate, & ADP when cells take energy from ATP
One phosphate bond has been removed
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Sugar in ADP & ATP
Called ribose
Pentose sugar
Also found on RNA
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Importance of ATP
Principal Compound Used To Store Energy In Living Organisms
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14. Releasing Energy From ATP
ATP is constantly being used and remade by cells
ATP provides all of the energy for cell activities
The high energy phosphate bonds can be BROKEN to release energy
The process of releasing ATP’s energy & reforming the molecule is called phosphorylation
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15. Releasing Energy From ATP
Adding A Phosphate Group To ADP stores Energy in ATP
Removing A Phosphate Group From ATP Releases Energy & forms ADP
Loose
Gain
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16. Cells Using Biochemical Energy
Cells Use ATP For:
Active transport
Movement
Photosynthesis
Protein Synthesis
Cellular respiration
All other cellular reactions
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More on ATP
Cells Have Enough ATP To Last For A Few Seconds
ATP must constantly be made
ATP Transfers Energy Very Well
ATP Is NOT Good At Energy Storage
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Glucose
Glucose is a monosaccharide
C6H12O6
One Molecule of glucose Stores 90 Times More Chemical Energy Than One Molecule of ATP
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19. History of Photosynthesis & Plant Pigments
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Photosynthesis
Involves the Use Of light Energy to convert Water (H20) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) into Oxygen (O2) and High Energy Carbohydrates (sugars, e.g. Glucose) & Starches
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21. The Photosynthesis Equation
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Pigments
In addition to water, carbon dioxide, and light energy, photosynthesis requires Pigments
Chlorophyll is the primary light-absorbing pigment in autotrophs
Chlorophyll is found inside chloroplasts
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Light and Pigments
Energy From The Sun Enters Earth’s Biosphere As Photons
Photon = Light Energy Unit
Light Contains A Mixture Of Wavelengths
Different Wavelengths Have Different Colors
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Light & Pigments
Different pigments absorb different wavelengths of light
Photons of light “excite” electrons in the plant’s pigments
Excited electrons carry the absorbed energy
Excited electrons move to HIGHER energy levels
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25. Magnesium atom at the center of chlorophyll
There are 2 main types of chlorophyll molecules:
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll b
A third type, chlorophyll c, is found in dinoflagellates
Magnesium atom at the center of chlorophyll
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Chlorophyll a
Found in all plants, algae, & cyanobacteria
Makes photosynthesis possible
Participates directly in the Light Reactions
Can accept energy from chlorophyll b
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Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll b is an accessory pigment
Chlorophyll b acts indirectly in photosynthesis by transferring the light it absorbs to chlorophyll a
Like chlorophyll a, it absorbs red & blue light and REFLECTS GREEN
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28. The Biochemical Reactions
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29. It Begins with Sunlight!
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30. Photoautotrophs Absorb Light Energy
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Inside A Chloroplast
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32. Structure of the Chloroplast
Double membrane organelle
Outer membrane smooth
Inner membrane forms stacks of connected sacs called thylakoids
Thylakoid stack is called the granun (grana-plural)
Gel-like material around grana called stroma
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Function of the Stroma
Light Independent reactions occur here
ATP used to make carbohydrates like glucose
Location of the Calvin Cycle
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Thylakoid membranes
Light Dependent reactions occur here
Photosystems are made up of clusters of chlorophyll molecules
Photosystems are embedded in the thylakoid membranes
The two photosystems are:
Photosytem I
Photosystem II
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36. Photosynthesis Overview
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37. Factors Affecting the Rate of Photosynthesis
Amount of available water
Temperature
Amount of available light energy
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38. Bell Ringer Tuesday October 10, 2017
Copy and answer the following:
In photosynthesis, is chlorophyll considered a reactant, a product, or neither?
How does the role of chlorophyll compare with the roles of CO2 and H2O?

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Cellular Respiration
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Cellular Respiration
A catabolic (breaks down molecules), exergonic (releases energy), oxygen (O2) requiring process that uses energy extracted from macromolecules (glucose) to produce energy (ATP) and water (H2O).
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
glucose
ATP
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Plants and Animals
Plants - Autotrophs: self-producers.
Animals - Heterotrophs: consumers.
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Mitochondria
Organelle where cellular respiration takes place.
Inner
membrane space
Matrix
Cristae
Outer
membrane
Inner
membrane
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43. Breakdown of Cellular Respiration
Four main parts (reactions).
1. Glycolysis (splitting of sugar)
a. cytosol, just outside of mitochondria.
2. Grooming Phase
a. migration from cytosol to matrix.
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44. Breakdown of Cellular Respiration
3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
a. mitochondrial matrix
4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and
Oxidative Phosphorylation
a. Also called Chemiosmosis
b. inner mitochondrial membrane.
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Fermentation
Occurs in cytosol when “NO Oxygen” is present (called anaerobic).
Two Types:
1. Alcoholic Fermentation
2. Lactic Acid Fermentation
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Alcohol Fermentation
End Products: Alcohol fermentation
2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)
2 - CO2
2 - Ethanol’s (ALCOHOL)
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47. Lactic Acid Fermentation
End Products: Lactic acid fermentation
2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)
2 - Lactic Acids
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48. Eukaryotes (Have Membranes)
Total ATP Yield
02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation)
04 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis
06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - grooming phase
02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation)
18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle
04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2 - Krebs cycle
36 ATP - TOTAL
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49. Prokaryotes (Lack Membranes)
Total ATP Yield
02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation)
06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis
06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - grooming phase
02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation)
18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle
04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2 - Krebs cycle
38 ATP - TOTAL
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50. Catabolism of Various Food Molecules
Other organic molecules used for fuel.
1. Carbohydrates: polysaccharides
2. Fats: glycerol’s and fatty acids
3. Proteins: amino acids
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51. Respiration Video

52. Review Question #1

53. Review Question #2

54. Review Question #3

55. Review Question #4

56. Review Question #5

57. Review Question #6

58. Review Question #7

59. Review Question #8

60. Review Question #9

61. Review Question #10

62. Review Question #11

63. Review Question #12

64. Review Question #13

65. Bell Ringer
Wednesday October 11, 2017
Answer the
Following
Questions:

66. Bell Ringer Thursday October 12, 2017
Complete the Venn
Diagram comparing
Photosynthesis and
Respiration.

67. Bell Ringer Friday October 13, 2017
Copy and complete the following:
Why are indicators used in the laboratory?
What are two labs that we completed that used an indicator?
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