1. Effective Instructional Conversations + TuTalk Instruction Carolyn Penstein Rosé Language Technologies Institute/ Human-Computer Interaction Institute

2. Design Principle Know what problem you are trying to solve!!

3. Design Process What problem are you trying to solve?  Formulate analysis scheme When should you intervene?  Use technologies like TagHelper and SIDE to track interaction and trigger support What should the intervention be?  Technologies like TuTalk can be used to offer support

4. What Makes Instructional Conversations Effective

5. Design Challenge: Collaborative Process Problems Hurt Learning Interaction Processes Cognitive Processes Learning Problems with the Process reduce learning

6. Collaboration support increases learning by changing interaction Support Structure Interaction Processes Cognitive Processes Learning Support structure is designed to elicit certain interaction processes, so its success should be reflected in a difference in interaction processes

7. Collaboration support increases learning by changing interaction Support Structure Interaction Processes Cognitive Processes Learning But if the process difficulties are not the same between student populations, then the support needs to be different too. X

8. Goals of Scripted Collaboration “The basic goal of scripted cooperation is to increase achievement by having students perform cognitive activities that they might not otherwise do. In addition, scripted cooperation is expected to reduce the incidence of negative group processes because of the size of the cooperating unit and because of the explicit requirement to alternate roles.”

9. Script Based Collaborative Learning Support Static support approaches provide structure to offer support for collaboration before it begins Script based support increases effective argumentation (Weinberger, 2003)

10. Social Script

11. What is a Knowledge Construction Dialogue?

12. Atlas: Knowledge Construction Dialogues Purpose: test “Ask, Don’t Tell” strategy in an ITS How can we get the most bang for our buck?  How far can we go with finite state dialogue management? (Freedman,2000)  How far can we go with shallow concept grammars? (i.e., Glass, 1999) Knowledge Construction Dialogues (KCDs)  Interactive directed lines of reasoning: analogies, concrete illustrations  KCD Authoring Tool Suite (Jordan, Rosé, and VanLehn, 2001) 55 KCDs fully implemented and pilot tested in 3 months

13. KCDs versus Minilessons versus Hints Here are a few things to keep in mind when calculating acceleration for a body at rest. Acceleration is change in velocity over time. If velocity is not changing, then there is zero acceleration. Now, if for a finite time interval the velocity remains zero, then it is true that it is not changing. Therefore, when a body is at rest during a time interval, its acceleration within that time interval is zero. Tutor: Here are a few things to keep in mind when calculating acceleration for a body at rest. Acceleration is change of what over time? Student: velocity Tutor: Right. If the velocity is not changing, what is the magnitude of the acceleration? Student: zero. Tutor: Good. If velocity remains zero within a time interval, how much is it changing? Student: zero Tutor: Super. So if a body is at rest during a time interval, what is the...

14. KCDs versus Minilessons versus Hints Here are a few things to keep in mind when calculating acceleration for a body at rest. Acceleration is change in velocity over time. If velocity is not changing, then there is zero acceleration. Now, if for a finite time interval the velocity remains zero, then it is true that it is not changing. Therefore, when a body is at rest during a time interval, its acceleration within that time interval is zero. Tutor: Here are a few things to keep in mind when calculating acceleration for a body at rest. Acceleration is change of what over time? Student: velocity Tutor: Right. If the velocity is not changing, what is the magnitude of the acceleration? Student: zero. Tutor: Good. If velocity remains zero within a time interval, how much is it changing? Student: zero Tutor: Super. So if a body is at rest during a time interval, what is the... What if this answer was wrong?

15. KCDs versus Minilessons versus Hints Here are a few things to keep in mind when calculating acceleration for a body at rest. Acceleration is change in velocity over time. If velocity is not changing, then there is zero acceleration. Now, if for a finite time interval the velocity remains zero, then it is true that it is not changing. Therefore, when a body is at rest during a time interval, its acceleration within that time interval is zero. Tutor: Right. If the velocity is not changing, what is the magnitude of the acceleration? Student: I don’t know Tutor: Do you remember what acceleration means? Student: It’s change in velocity over time Tutor: Right. So then if velocity is not changing, what is acceleration? Student: Oh, zero. Tutor: OK. If velocity remains zero within a time interval, how much is it changing? …

16. Design Process Tips

17. Exploratory Learning Overview (Charnay & Reder, 1986) compare Worked Examples, Tutorials, Problem Solving, and Pure Exploration  Worked examples mixed with problem solving was the best (Touvinem & Sweller, 1999) Worked examples with problem solving beats Pure exploratory learning (Klahr & Nigam, to appear) tutorial learning plus problem solving is more efficient than pure exploratory learning Pure Exploratory Learning Worked Examples Tutorial Learning Problem Solving Goals Provided Negotiable Problem Solving Goals Only High Level Goals Given + hints Pure Exploratory Learning Only High Level Goals Given + help requests

18. Exploratory Learning Overview Smithtown work (Shute & Glaser, 1990, etc.) and Computer-Based Simulation Games (Leutner, 1993) involve only imposed high level goals  Learning about a model or Survival (Leutner, 1993) demonstrates the importance of students actively requesting help Smithtown adapted to individual student needs Pure Exploratory Learning Worked Examples Tutorial Learning Problem Solving Goals Provided Negotiable Problem Solving Goals Only High Level Goals Given + hints Pure Exploratory Learning Only High Level Goals Given + help requests

19. Exploratory Learning Overview The difference between problem solving and exploratory learning is the level at which goals are dictated Many state-of-the-art tutoring systems fall into the problem solving category where problem solving goals are dictated In an exploratory design environment, high level goals are dictated (improve efficiency), but problem solving goals (i.e., add a reheat cycle) are negotiated Tutorial dialogue allows the tutor to influence problem solving goals (addressing cognitive load issues) while offering instruction and while allowing students to actively explore Worked Examples Tutorial Learning Problem Solving Goals Provided Negotiable Problem Solving Goals Only High Level Goals Given + hints Pure Exploratory Learning Only High Level Goals Given + help requests

20. Topic Analysis Reveals Important Patterns of Interaction General Conceptual Topics Analysis Specific Topics Significant correlation between topic coverage and learning (R 2 =.715, N=21, p <.05)

21. Example Implemented Reflection Dialogue Tutor: Let’s stop for a minute and reflect on what we have seen. Having seen how changing T-Max (i.e., the Maximum Temperature at the Heater Outlet) affects the efficiency of the cycle, do you think it is a good idea in general for the Maximum Temperature to be increased and kept high? Student: yes Tutor: Okay. Let’s think now about one important consequence of keeping T-Max high. What happens to the steam quality at the turbine exit if you increase the maximum temperature of the cycle? Student: Increases Tutor: Right. As increasing the temperature makes the efficiency and steam quality better, we should increase the maximum temperature of the cycle. But can we keep on increasing the maximum temperature at the heater outlet indefinitely, or are there limitations to keep in mind? Student: there are limitations such as material constraints Tutor: Great. we should try to keep T-Max (i.e., the maximum temperature at the Heater outlet of the cycle) as high as possible without risking safety concerns or exceeding the maximum temperature the material can withstand. Keeping T-Max high increases efficiency and keeps the steam quality high, which are both important. This is an important principle to keep in mind while optimizing the efficiency of your cycle.

22. TuTalk Authoring Process

23. Scenario Goal1 (Start Goal) Sub Goal 1.1 Goal1_Step 1 Goal1_Step 2 Goal1_Step 3 Goal1_Step 4 Pair Initiation Response 2 Response 1 Response 3 Say1Say2 Scenario/ Script Goal Template Step/Pair Concept

24. Getting Started Start by creating a new script That script will contain all of the goals, templates, and concepts that you define Could contain multiple ways of achieving the same goal (via alternative templates)

25. Directed Lines of Reasoning Building Blocks: Pairs are composed of an initiation and a response Tutor: Here are a few things to keep in mind when calculating acceleration for a body at rest. Acceleration is change of what over time? Student: velocity Tutor: Right. If the velocity is not changing, what is the magnitude of the acceleration? Student: zero. Tutor: Good. If velocity remains zero within a time interval, how much is it changing? Student: zero Tutor: Super. So if a body is at rest during a time interval, what is the...

26. Building a Pair

27. Adding Phrases to Concepts

28. Elaborating a Template

29. Example Pair

31. Concept Manager

32. Scenario Goal1 (Start Goal) Sub Goal 1.1 Goal1_Step 1 Goal1_Step 2 Goal1_Step 3 Goal1_Step 4 Pair Initiation Response 2 Response 1 Response 3 Say1Say2

33. Previewer

34. Test Interface

35. Some tips Better to have several short turns than fewer long turns Try to build the learner’s/user’s vocabulary (shaping) It may help you avoid unanticipated responses Try to think about what is it that we are trying to elicit from the student when writing tutor turns (initiations) Author as many possible responses as you can in the time available  Catch all makes the machine look dumb!

36. Questions?