1. THIS IS A STUDY GUIDE, NOT AN ALL INCLUSIVE REVIEW.
THERE MIGHT BE THINGS NOT COVERED BY THIS STUDY GUIDE THAT MIGHT BE ASKED IN YOUR QUIZZES and PRACTICAL TESTS.
STUDENTS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR STUDYING THEIR MANUAL AND FOR ALL THE MATERIAL COVERED DURING THE LABORATORY PERIOD, AS PER THE COURSE SYLLABUS
THIS STUDY GUIDE WILL GIVE YOU A GOOD ESTIMATE OF YOUR OVERALL READINESS FOR THE TEST AFTER YOU HAVE COMPLETED YOUR REVIEW OF EACH SUBJECT.

2. Lab # 10
Nervous System
- Neural Tissue
- Spinal Cord

3. Histology of the Nervous Tissue
NEURON STRUCTURE
Histology of the Nervous Tissue
1- Neurons
2- Neuroglia or glial cells
-In the CNS
-In the PNS
Glial cell (astrocyte)
Neurons
The glial cells are supporting cells, which are associated to the neurons and provide a supportive scaffolding for neurons

4. Axon terminal or synaptic terminal
NEURON STRUCTURE
Nucleus
Cell body or Soma
The Structure of Neurons
Perikaryon
Telodendria
Axon
Axon terminal , synaptic terminal, or synaptic knob
Dendrite
R.E.R.
Nissl bodies
It carries the nerve impulses away form the soma.
Axon
Free ribosomes
Protein synthesis
Axon hillock
Telodendria
Neurofibrils
It is the trigger zone for the nerve impulse.
Axon terminal or synaptic terminal
Dendrites
They provide internal support for the extensions and are responsible for intracellular transport.
Synapses with another neuron and releases the neurotransmitters.
They receive the nerve impulse.

5. Nucleus of Schwann cell
It is the plasma membrane of the Schwann cells.
Axolemma
Neurilemma
Axoplasm
It is the plasma membrane of the axon.
It is the cytosol of the axon.
Nucleus of Schwann cell
Schwann cell
They produce the myelin sheath.
Nodes of Ranvier
Myelin sheath
It electrically insulates the axon and enables saltatory conduction.
It is where the depolarization of the membrane occurs during saltatory conduction.

6. It is a junction that mediates information transfer from one neuron to the next or from a neuron to an effector cell (ex: muscle cell, gland).
Synapse:
Synapse from neuron to neuron.
Synapse from neuron to effector cell.
Neuromuscular junction

7. The Synapse
The operation of the nervous system depends on the flow of information through chains of neurons functionally connected by synapses.
It conducts impulses towards the synapse.
It conducts impulses away from the synapse.
Presynaptic neuron
Postsynaptic neuron

9. Structural Classification of the Neurons
Locations: Brain and special sense organs.
Locations: Special sen- se organs (retina, olfactory epithelium).
Functions: Poorly understood.
Functions: They relay information about sight, smell or hearing from receptors cells to other neurons.
Locations: Dorsal root ganglia of spinal cord.
Locations: Anterior gray horn of spinal cord, primary motor cortex of the cerebrum.
Functions: Most sensory neurons of the PNS.
Functions: Motor neurons that control skeletal muscles.

10. Functional Classification of the Neurons
1- Sensory or afferent neurons
2- Motor or efferent neurons
3- Association neurons or Interneurons
They carry information towards the Central Nervous System.
They carry information away from the Central Nervous System.
They carry impulses between sensory and motor neurons located at CNS.

12. Spinal Cord
and
Spinal Nerves

13. White matter
Gray matter
Gray matter
Cell bodies of neurons and glia (no myelin). It forms nuclei in the CNS
White matter
Myelinated fibers. It forms tracts and nerves in the Peripheral Nervous System

14. The Anatomical Divisions of the Nervous System
Brain
Ganglia
Nerves
Spinal cord
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (CNS)
It consists of the brain and spinal cord enclosed by cranium and vertebral column.
It is all the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord.
It consists of nerves and ganglia.
It is responsible for integrating, processing and coordinating sensory data and motor commands.
It deliveries sensory information to the CNS and carries motor commands to peripheral tissues and system.
Nerve:
It is a bundle of nerve fibers (axons) wrapped in fibrous connective tissue.
Tract:
It is a bundle of nerve fibers (axons) in the CNS (white matter).
It is a concentration of neuron cell bodies in the CNS (gray mater).
Nucleus:
It is a knot-like swelling in a nerve where neuron cell bodies are concentrated.
Ganglion:

15. Posterior median sulcus
Gross Anatomy of Spinal Cord
L1 – L2
Foramen magnum
Cervical enlargement
Posterior median sulcus
Lumbar enlargement
Conus medullaris
Cauda equina
(Fibrous tissue that avoids up and down movements of spinal cord)
Filum terminale

16. Spinal meninges: Dura matter, arachnoid matter, pia matter
Denticulate ligament
Dura matter
Subarachnoid space
Epidural space
Subdural space
(It is filled with CSF)
(Epidural anesthesia)
(Prevent lateral movement)

19. Lumbar puncture (spinal tap) is the most common means of collecting a specimen of cerebral spinal fluid. The spinal needle is inserted, usually between the 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae. Once the needle is properly positioned in the subarachnoid space, pressures can be measured and fluid can be collected for testing.

20. GRAY MATTER ORGANIZATION
POSTERIOR
Posterior median sulcus
Dorsal or posterior root
Dorsal or posterior root ganglion
Posterior gray commissure
Posterior gray horn
Somatic sensory
Visceral sensory
Lateral gray horn
Visceral motor
Anterior gray commissure
Anterior gray horn
Somatic motor
Spinal nerve
Anterior median fissure
Ventral or anterior root
ANTERIOR

21. SS VS VM SM Cerebral cortex Cerebral cortex Thalamus
Somato-sensory neurons
Visceral-sensory neurons
Visceral-motor neurons
Somato-motor neurons
Thalamus
Hypothalamus SS VS VM SM
Somatic sensory fiber
Somatic motor fiber
Visceral sensory fiber
Visceral motor fiber
(Autonomic Nervous System)

22. WHITE MATTER ORGANIZATION Posterior white column
Central canal
(Contains CSF)
Posterior white column
Lateral white column
Anterior white commissure
Anterior white column
ANTERIOR