1. Figure composition

2. horizon
content
1: In the flat area of the painting a suggestion of perspective is achieved by arranging all heads of standing figures along the horizon.
2: The Holy Child is placed in the centre of the composition in a circle formed by the Angels and Holy Mary
3: All other figures are members of meaningful groups that are symmetrically placed, looking towards the focus of interest: the Divine Child.
Goes, Hugo van der
The Portinari Triptych
c. 1475
Oil on panel
99 5/8 x /16 in. (253 x 586 cm) total
Uffizi, Florence
The Artchive
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3. The main figures are place in the center of the composition where lines meet in the vanishing point
The philosophers on the stage are arranged according to laws of perspective: all their heads are placed on the horizon, on the same level as the eye of the beholder.
Other people on a lower level are arranged in meaningful groups.
Raphael / The School of Athens / / Fresco / Vatican, Stanza della Segnatura, Rome / The Artchive

4. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
Rembrandt van Rijn
The company of Frans Banning Cock preparing to march out, known as the Nightwatch
1642
Oil on canvas
363 x 437 cm
Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
horizon
The main figures are placed in the centre of the composition in a strong contrast of black and yellowish white. The girl in white on the left counterbalances the white figure of Ruitenberg next to Frans Banning Cock
Rembrandt composes a dynamic group behind these three, by repeating directions towards this focus point in the gestures and objects of the background
The Artchive

5. Sir Alma Tadema The Museum
horizon
Here is shown how to find the horizon by protracting lines in the architecture towards the vanishing point. The heads of standing figures are arranged along the horizon, thereby placing the beholder on the same level. Of course the statues on their plinths stick out above the visitors of the exhibition.

6. Renoir, Pierre-Auguste
The Luncheon of the Boating Party
1881
Oil on canvas
129.5 x cm (51 x 68 in.)
The Phillips Collection, Washington
Renoir arranges the rowers and their girlfriends according to rules of perspective . On top of that he has people looking at each other, which creates an atmosphere of vivid communication.

7. Immendorff, Joerg Cafe Deutschland I 1978 Oil on canvas 280 x 320 cm
Museum Ludwig Koln
In this painting, which deals with politics in Germany, the viewer is guided by lines and patterns of objects through an ambiguous space. The curve on the right reverses the natural reading direction (from left to right) towards a peephole in which we see people dancing beneath a swastika symbol. The politician in the top right corner is hidden, only to be seen by the attentive watcher.
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