1. Chapter 28: A Period of Turmoil and Change
Burgess/Hornbeck

2. Demands for Civil Rights
Chapter 28, Section 1
Demands for Civil Rights

3. Setting the Scene
August, G.M of Brooklyn Dodgers, Branch Rickey, wanted to challenge the rule in MLB that required blacks to play in a separate league.
Rickey called upon Jackie Robinson to be the first African American in MLB.
He wanted Robinson to ignore insults that would be thrown at him.
“I want a ball player with guts enough not to fight back.”

4. Branch Rickey and Jackie Robinson

5. Setting the Scene Cont…
1947- Robinson joined the Brooklyn Dodgers.
First African American to play in major leagues.
Rookie of the Year in 1947.
1949- League MVP.

6. Rise of African American Influence
African Americans were moving from rural to urban areas in large numbers.
Emergence of AA doctors and lawyers who gained influence and became leaders of the community.
FDR: number of AA’s in federal jobs increased significantly.
WWII: led to a rise in AA population in the North.
New ideology for many people.

7. Rise of African American Influence Cont…
Rise of NAACP: (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)
Challenged segregation laws
Tried to overturn 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson case
Legal team was greatest asset
Thurgood Marshall aka “Mr. Civil Rights”
Oliver Hill: higher pay and better educations for AA teachers and students.

8. NAACP

9. Brown v. Board of Education
1951: Oliver Brown sued Topeka, Kansas Board of Ed. to allow his daughter to attend an all white school.
Case reached the Supreme Court.
Thurgood Marshall argued on Brown’s behalf
May 17, 1954: Supreme Court ruled (unanimously) “separate but equal” was unconstitutional and could not be applied to public school.
1955: ALL schools should move to desegregate.

10. Brown v. Board of Ed.

11. Reaction to Brown vs. Board of Ed.
Mixed reaction
AA’s were pumped up!
Many whites accepted the decision
Ike, privately disagreed, vowed to obey Supreme Court’s ruling.
Southern whites were scared and angry.
Resisted desegregation
Ku Klux Klan became more active
Southern Manifesto was created by Deep South Congress people.

12. Montgomery Bus Boycott
December, 1955:
Rosa Parks sat in the front of the “colored” section of the bus.
AA’s were expected to give up seat to whites if there were not seats available in the “white” section of the bus.
Parks refused
Police arrested her and ordered her to stand trial for violation of segregation laws.

13. Rosa Parks

14. Montgomery Bus Boycott, Cont…
Civil rights leaders then organized the Montgomery Bus Boycott
AA’s refused to ride the entire bus system until bus company changed their policy of segregation.
MLK Jr, became the spokesman for the protest.
Over the next year, 50,000 AA’s walked, rode bikes, and car pooled to avoid the bus.
1956, Supreme Court ruled bus segregation was unconstitutional.

15. Resistance in Little Rock
Arkansas Governor, Orval Faubus, refused to follow Supreme Court’s ruling.
Placed National Guardsmen at Central High School.
Told to NOT let the 9 AA students into the school.
Ike sent soldiers to protect the students.
Students were then allowed to attend school at Central.
Response by Faubus: “Lost year in Little Rock.:
Faubus named “Most admired men of 1958.”
Sign of the times.

16. Military Escort into School

17. Central High School

18. Central High School Present-Day

19. Leaders and Strategies
Chapter 28, Section 2
Leaders and Strategies

20. Setting the Scene
More young people were becoming active in Civil Rights Movement.
Organization and Strong Commitment were required in order to make an impact.

21. Groundwork
Civil rights movement was a grass roots effort. Many organizations played a role in gaining equal rights.
NAACP: created in 1909 as an interracial orgz.
Appealed to educated, middle and upper class people.
Challenged laws that prevented AA’s from exercising full rights.
1930’s: Passed anti-lynching laws
1930’s Challenged housing and education segregation.

22. Groundwork Cont…. National Urban League Founded in 1911
Help AA’s moving out of the South into big cities in the North.
Also helped find jobs and homes!
Offer job opportunities and advancement to AA’s.

23. Groundwork Cont… CORE: Congress of Racial Equality
Bring about change through peaceful confrontation.
Interracial
Organized demonstrations in Chicago and Detroit
Eventually became a national organization.

24. Nonviolence SCLC- Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Preached nonviolent protest
Shifted focus of civil rights movement to the South.
MLK Jr. became known nationally through SCLC.

25. Nonviolence Cont… Martin Luther King Jr. Baptist preacher
One of the most loved, admired, and hated figures during civil rights movement.
Influenced by Gandhi
Must remain non-violent regardless of violent reactions .
Most known and prominent civil rights leader.
Earned Nobel peace prize in 1964.

26. New Voice for Students
“To accept passively an unjust system is to cooperate with that system; thereby the oppressed become as evil as the oppressor.”
-Martin Luther King, Jr.

27. New Voice for Students Cont…
Formation of SNCC (snick)
Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee
1960, Raleigh, N.C.
Felt NAACP and SCLC were not meeting demands of young AA’s.
Eventually, became a major outlet for young people, both AA’s and whites.
Civil rights movement focus shifted from church’s to young activists.

28. New Voice for Students Cont…
Robert Moses
SNCC’s most influential leader
Harvard Grad. And math teacher in Harlem, NY
Very soft-spoken
Loved and trusted because of his humble nature.
Wanted to help SNCC
Went to Mississippi to teach rural blacks how to vote.

29. The Struggle Intensifies
28.3
The Struggle Intensifies

30. Sit-Ins Challenge Segregations
1943- CORE created the sit-in.
Sit at the location where service was refused and refuse to move.
Used throughout the 1960’s as a popular form of protest.
Forced businesses to serve protestors or cause a disruption.
MLK Jr. “Arrest is a badge of honor.”

31. Sit- Ins

32. Freedom Rides
Boynton v. Virginia (1960)- bus station waiting rooms and restaurants could NOT be segregated.
1961- CORE organized the Freedom Rides
Test whether southern states would obey the Supreme Court ruling.

33. Freedom Rides Cont… Violence and Freedom Rides:
May 4, First freedom ride leaves Washington D.C.
13 riders, black and white, headed south on two busses
Busses split and ride became dangerous.
Alabama- armed white mob set the bus on fire and beat the freedom riders.
RFK sent federal marshals to aid the protestors.
RFK pushed ICC to desegregate ALL trains, planes, and busses.

34. Bus Catches Fire…

35. Integration at Ole Miss
James Meredith
Student at Jackson State College wanted to transfer to Ole’ Miss…..an all white school.
He was rejected, NAACP filed suit.
Supreme Court ruled in Meredith’s favor.
Miss. Gov. Ross Barnett refused to let Meredith attend school.
JFK sent federal marshals in to accompany Meredith to class.
Violence then erupted on campus.

36. James Meredith

37. James Meredith- first AA to Graduate from Ole’ Miss

38. Clash in Birmingham April, 1963, MLK visits Birmingham, AL.
“Most segregated city in America.” – MLK
Called for boycotts and sit-ins of segregated stores and restaurants.
City officials arrested MLK Jr. on grounds of “not obtaining a permit.”
MLK Jr. was in jail for a week, upon release asked for young people to join the protest.
More violence erupted.

39. Segregation

40. Violence in Birmingham

41. Violence in Birmingham

42. Clash in Birmingham Cont…
TV cameras brought the violence into people’s living rooms.
Most were appalled.
Protestors sprayed with fire hoses, attacked by dogs and beaten by police.
Outcome: Protestors were victorious.
City was desegregated and fair hiring practices were implemented.