1. Cell Biology

2. Eukaryotic Cells: Plants
Plant cells are similar to animal cells but contain three additional organelles:
Cell Walls
Vacuoles
Chloroplasts

3. Eukaryotic Cells: Plants
The cell wall surrounds the outside of the plant cell and provides support for the cell.

4. Eukaryotic Cells: Plants
The vacuole is a storage area for food, water, or waste.

5. Eukaryotic Cells: Plants
The chloroplast contains chlorophyll, a photosynthetic pigment.
Chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis.

6. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Cell Energy
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

7. Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis (Photo = light) (synthesis = to make) is the process of converting solar energy (light) into chemical energy (sugar).

8. Photosynthesis
The plant leaf collects the sunlight but the process happens in the chloroplast.
Photosynthesis takes place in two separate but connected chemical reactions.
Each reaction takes place in a specific section of the chloroplast.

9. Photosynthesis
The “light reaction” converts light into ATP (Adenosine Tri-phosphate), an energy molecule.
This reaction takes place on the thylakoids of the chloroplast: bringing in H2O and light, and releasing O2 and ATP.

10. Photosynthesis
The “Calvin Cycle” takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast.
During this reaction, ATP from the light reaction and CO2 are taken in and glucose (C6H12O6) is released.

11. Photosynthesis The chemical equation for photosynthesis is:
H2O + CO2  O2 + C6H12O6
ATP is recycled and the light energy is stored in the glucose.
Reactants
Products

12. Factors influencing Photosynthesis
Several conditions influence the rate of photosynthesis:
Amount of CO2
Temperature
Light

13. Factors influencing Photosynthesis
Increasing CO2 will cause the rate of photosynthesis to increase until it reaches its maximum.

14. Factors influencing Photosynthesis
Extremes of temperature will also influence photosynthesis rates.
Warm temperatures will cause the rate to peak; cold and hot temperatures will decrease the rate of photosynthesis.

15. Factors influencing Photosynthesis
Since light is the energy source for photosynthesis, it plays a major role in the rate of photosynthesis.
Increasing the amount of light will cause photosynthesis to reach its maximum rate.

16. Factors influencing Photosynthesis
Changing the color of the light also influences the rate of photosynthesis.
Blue and red colors of light are best absorbed by chlorophyll while yellow and green are not absorbed as well.

17. Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the chemical opposite of photosynthesis.
This reaction releases energy from glucose:
H2O + CO2  O2 + C6H12O6

18. Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration converts chemical energy into energy that is used for life functions, such as movement, growth, and repair.
This reaction takes place in the mitochondria.

19. Cellular Respiration
The folds inside the mitochondria contain enzymes that combine O2 with glucose (C6H12O6) to release H2O, CO2 , and ATP.
The cell uses ATP as the energy it needs to complete life processes.

20. Aerobic Cellular Respiration Equation
Reactants
Products

21. Anaerobic Respiration
Sometimes cells need energy very quickly and can’t wait for oxygen.
Cells then go into Anaerobic (An- without) (Aerobic – oxygen) Respiration.

22. Anaerobic Respiration
Since oxygen is complete for a full “burn” of the glucose; lactic acid is produced.
The presence of lactic acid is what makes muscles sore and tired.
This method is less efficient than aerobic cellular respiration but it is faster.

23. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration are complimentary reactions  the products of one are the reactants of the other.