1. Segregation and Discrimination
Turn of the 20th Century

2. Post-Civil War Civil War Amendments- 13, 14, 15-review???
By the turn of the 20th Century, Southern States had adopted a broad system of legal discrimination.
African Americans had to deal with voting restrictions, Jim Crow laws, Supreme Court set-backs, and physical violence.

3. What is discrimination?
Involves:
BELIEFS-”this group is inferior because..”
EMOTIONS-”I hate this group of people…”
ACTIONS-”I will deny opportunity/hurt/kill members of this group…”

4. Voting Restrictions
All Southern states imposed new voting restrictions and denied legal equality to African Americans.
Some states limited the vote to those who could read, other states had a poll tax, which had to be paid prior to voting.
Grandfather Clause-If your Grandfather was on voting roster prior to 1867, then you could vote!

5. Jim Crow Laws
Southern States passed segregation laws to separate whites and blacks in public and private facilities
These laws came to be called the ‘Jim Crow’ laws, names after an old minstrel song (“Jump Jim Crow)
Racial segregation was put into effect in schools, hospitals, parks, and transportation systems in the South.

6. Plessy v. Ferguson
Eventually, a legal case reached the U.S. Supreme Court to test the constitutionality of segregation.
In 1896, in Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court ruled that the segregation of races was legal and did not violate the 14th Amendment. (equal protection)

7. Race Relations
African Americans faced legal discrimination as well as informal rules and customs.
Meant to humiliate, these ‘rules’ included; whites never shaking the hand of an African American, African Americans had to yield the sidewalk to whites, and also had to remove their hats in the presence of whites.
For those that did not follow the racial etiquette rules, they could face severe punishment or death.

8. Lynchings/violence
Between , more than 1,400 black men and women were shot, burned, or lynched. (hanged)
Lynching peaked in the 1880’s and ‘90’s but continued well into the 20th century.

9. Discrimination in the North
While most African Americans lived in the segregated South, many had migrated to the North in hopes of better jobs and equality.
However, the North had its own brand of racism as blacks got the low paying jobs and lived in segregated neighborhoods.

10. Discrimination in the West
Discrimination in the West was most often directed against Mexican and Asian immigrants.
Mexicans were often forced into Debt Peonage-a system of forced labor due to debt.
Asians were increasingly excluded from Mainstream society.

11. Debt Peonage System that bound laborers into slavery
Mexicans and African-Americans
1911 – Supreme Court declares violation against 13th Amendment

12. Booker T. Washington Son of a slave & white father
Biography – Up From Slavery
Hampton Institute – Virginia (1868)
Built Tuskegee Institute – Alabama 1881
Vocational education
Wrote about his views in the “Atlanta Compromise”
- Avoided protests
- Blacks should accept segregation
Supported by Business leaders & presidents

13. Booker T. Washington & Tuskegee Institute

14. W.E.B. Du Bois Born in Massachusetts Studied in German universities
Classical education
1st African-Am. to earn Harvard
Most famous book- The Souls of Black Folks
Niagara Movement
- equality
- black pride
- protests
Helped form the NAACP (1909)

15. W.E.B. Du Bois

16. Ida B. Wells
Born into slavery
Moved to Memphis 1880s
Teacher
Editor of newspaper
- Crusade for Justice
Documented lynching in the U.S.
Active in women’s suffrage movement

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