1. Immigrants and Urbanization
Sec. 1 – The New Immigrants
Sec. 2 – The Challenges of Urbanization
Sec. 3 – Politics in the Gilded Age

2. The New Immigrants Section 1
Objectives:
1. Identify immigrants’ countries of origin.
2. Describe the journey immigrants endured and their experiences at United States immigration stations.
3. Examine the causes and effects of the nativists’ and anti-immigrant sentiments.

3. Through the Golden Door
Millions immigrated to the U.S. in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s hoping to have a better life.
Birds of Passage – temporary immigrants who came to earn money and return home.
Most immigrants came to make a new life and stayed.

4. Push Factors Pull Factors
Poverty
Job Opportunities
Famine
Religious Freedom
Land shortages
Political Freedom
Religious Persecution
Land
Political Persecution
War
Over-population

5. European Immigration Old v. New
Countries of Origin before 1890
*Great Britain
*Ireland
*Germany
*Scandinavia
(Northeastern Europe)
Countries of Origin after 1890
*Italy
*Austria-Hungary
*Russia
(Southern and Eastern Europe)

6. Old Immigrants White Anglo Saxon Protestant
Similar Language (English / German)
Similar Customs

7. New Immigrants Darker Skinned / Mediterranean Catholic and Jewish
Poorer
Many Different Languages
Different Customs from each other and from the old immigrants

8. Italian Immigrants
Left Italy (mostly southern part) due to economic hardships.
Many came as “birds of passage”
Catholic population

9. Jews from Russia Left to escape Religious Persecution
Pograms – organized anti-Semitic campaigns that led to the massacre of Jews in the early 1880’s and early 1900’s.

10.
Immigrants from Asia
Chinese – came in small numbers in 2nd half of 1800’s
*California Gold Rush
*Jobs building the Transcontinental Railroad and others
After railroads completed they worked in
Farming
Mining
Domestic Workers
Motive: Economic Opportunity
Entry: West Coast
View “One American’s Story – from China to Chinatown: Fong See’s American Dream”

11. Anti-Asian Sentiment
Mainly affected Chinese and Japanese immigrants on the West Coast.
Different Language and Customs
Looked Different
Chinese men wore their hair in a long braid (queue), and dressed in a quilted jacket, broad cotton pants, and a wide-brimmed hat.
Laws passed to restrict Asians’ rights

12. Discriminatory Laws Couldn’t own land Couldn’t marry Caucasians
Couldn’t become citizens
Couldn’t vote
Segregation of schools
Chinese Exclusion Act 1882

13. Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
Limited Chinese immigration
Was intended to keep out workers that would compete against white workers
Banned entry of all Chinese except
Students
Teachers
Merchants (Like Fong See)
Tourists
Government Officials
View Chinese

14. Japanese Immigration 1884 Japanese go to Hawaii to work
Hawaii becomes U.S. territory 1898
Migration to U.S. west coast begins
Motive: Economic Opportunity
Entry: West Coast
Economic opportunity news spreads by word of mouth and Japanese immigration increases

15. Gentleman’s Agreement
San Francisco, California, school board were segregating Asian children
Caused Anti-American riots in Japan
Theodore Roosevelt negotiated a compromise
San Francisco school board withdrew segregation order
Japan agreed to limited emigration to the U.S.
They would no longer issue passports to the U.S. and the U.S. would not accept anyone from Japan without a passport.

16. Immigration from the West Indies
Jamaica
Cuba
Puerto Rico
Motive: Economic opportunity and Poverty in the islands
Entry: Southeast

17. Immigration from Mexico
Acquisition of Texas and Mexican lands in the Southwest helped many Mexicans become U.S. citizens without moving from their homes
Motives for others:
Economic Opportunities
Railroads
Farm work
Fleeing war and political problems in Mexico
Entry: Southwest

18. A Difficult Journey Steamship
A Difficult Journey
Steamship
Atlantic Ocean - 7 to 10 days
Pacific Ocean - 3 Weeks
Many immigrants traveled in steerage or the cargo holds
Cramped, dark, dirty, stagnant air, louse-infested bunks, few toilets, wide-spread disease, barrack-like sleeping quarters

19. Ellis Island Immigration Station
Virtual Tour:
Ellis Island Immigration Station
More than 12 million immigrants passed through Ellis Island
At Peak – 11,000 a day
5 Hours or more to process immigrant
New York Harbor
Inspection
Medical Examination
Legal Examination
Literacy Test
Prove ability to work
Have at least $25
Exams:

20. Watch Ellis Island Videos
Watch various video clips about Ellis including the following:
Arrival at Ellis Island
Other links

21. Angel Island Immigration Station
San Francisco Bay
Very poor conditions
Asians held for months
Deportation
Why do you think the conditions were more harsh than Ellis Island?
Angel Island: Ellis Island of the

22. Culture Shock
Confusion and anxiety resulting from immersion in a culture that is very different than your own
Some immigrants taken advantage of by con-men, pick-pockets, and thieves
Had to find place to live, place to work
Live in a world and not understand the language or customs
View New

23. Dealing with Culture Shock
Sought out people like themselves leading to development of ETHNIC COMMUNITIES
Chinatown
Little Italy
*Shared Language – Ethnic newspapers
*Shared Religion – Neighborhood churches and synagogues built
*Shared Cultural Values – Social Clubs
*Aid Societies
*Orphanages, Old Folks Homes, Cemeteries

24. Problems with Assimilation
Immigrants wanted to be American but at the same time wanted to retain their own culture.
Led to hyphenated Americans
Made it difficult to fit into American Society
Native-born Americans grew to resent and dislike immigrants
Reaction to

25. Melting Pot or Stewing Pot
Melting Pot – a mixture of people of different cultures and races who blend together by abandoning their language and customs to become one culture.
Stewing Pot – a mixture of people of different cultures and races who mix together, each adding their own flavor and spice to the one culture, without giving up all aspects of their home culture.

26. Nativism
The overt favoritism toward native-born Americans. Dislike of immigrant groups.
Believed in Anglo-Saxon superiority.
Viewed new immigrants unfavorably because of religion (Catholic, Orthodox or Jewish), socioeconomic status, and appearance (ethnicity)
American Protective Association – Anti-Catholic
Colleges, business and social clubs refused to admit Jews

27. Nativism http://library.thinkquest.org/20619/Comics.html
What is the message of this cartoon?
Who is the person in the lower right hand corner?
Who are the people in the middle section?
Who are the people in the back section?
Nativism

28. The Role of the United States
What is the message of this cartoon?