1. The Treaty of Versailles

2. The Big Four
Woodrow Wilson (US)
Georges Clemenceau (Fra)
David Lloyd George (GB)
Vittorio Orlando (Ita)

4. Idealism The Fourteen Points
Wilson’s Goals
Idealism
The Fourteen Points

5. Wilson: An intellectual Opposed to War Tried to Keep the US Neutral

7. Wilson’s 14 Points
“Open covenants, openly arrived at” (no secret diplomacy)
Freedom of the Seas

8. Wilson’s 14 Points
Removal of Tariffs
Arms Reduction

9. Wilson’s 14 Points
Fair Colonial Policies
Self-Determination (boundary changes)

10. Wilson’s 14 Points
#14 League of Nations

13. Revenge Security Fear of Another War
European Powers’ Goals
Revenge Security Fear of Another War

14. WWI was different for the Europeans than it was the the Americans

23. Wilson’s Goals Conflict with European Powers’ Goals
Wilson: Everlasting Peace vs. Europe: Revenge

25. Major Provisions of Treaty of Versailles
A League of Nations
(Wilson’s 14th Point)
- international association of nations
- collective security
-discussion, not warfare
Excluded: Russia, Germany
(eventually, US)

26. War Guilt and Reparations
Germany = admit sole responsibility for WWI.
Reparations:
To compensate victors for costs of war
To be paid by Germany
$33 billion over 30 years

27. Territorial Changes in the Treaty of Versailles

31. Nations Losing Territory:
Germany
Russia
Ottoman Empire
Austria-Hungary

34. Special Losses For Germany
Polish Corridor
Surrenders colonies
Returns Alsace-Lorraine
French Border to Rhine River

36. New Nations Created Czechoslovakia Austria Hungary Yugoslavia Finland
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania
Poland
Czechoslovakia
Austria
Hungary
Yugoslavia

37. Mandates
Admin by Great Britain
Palestine
Iraq
Transjordan
Admin by France
Syria
Lebanon

38. Arguments over ratification of Treaty of Versailles in the U.S. Senate
Senate’s Constitutional Role:
Ratify treaties
“Advise and Consent”
Article II, Section 2
2/3 Approval needed

40. Issues Affecting US Acceptance
Fear of US drawn into Euro Troubles
Political in-fighting

41. Three Groups in Senate: 1
1. Wilsonians (D)
-immediate ratification

43. Three Groups in Senate: 2
2. “Irreconcilables”
- Borah, La Follette
-oppose US membership in international L of N

49. Three Groups in Senate: 3
3. “Moderates”/”Reservationists”
- favored a watered-down version to protect American interests

51. Amended Treaty of Versailles
Lodge: Congressional approval for US troops
defeated by Wilsonians and “irreconcilables”

52. Henry Cabot Lodge

53. Original Treaty of Versailles
Defeated by “Reservationists” and “Irreconcilables”

54. A Final Defeat for the Treaty of Versailles
Presidential Election of 1920
Warren G. Harding (R)
Seen as a mandate against the League