1. WWI & Aftermath

2. Eastern Front Russia loses 15% of territory “peace, land, bread”
Czar Nicholas II is killed
Russia loses 40% of population
By 1921, communists took control of Russia
New Soviet power

3. Armenian Massacre “Young Turk” government of the Ottoman Empire
Important because it leads to the destruction of the Ottoman empire
Worldwide opposition
Americans oppose most of all

4. Paris Peace Conference
Allies run the Paris Peace conference
27 nations represented
Big 4—America, France, England, Italy
1919—final agreement
Empires disappear
“self-determination” for nationalities

5. Territory Changes
Croats and Slovens join with Serbia to form Yugoslavia
Austria
Hungary
Czechoslovakia

6. Britain/Palestine/Jews
Britain gains territory in Middle East
Promises to Palestine a “home” for the Jews

7. Treaty of Versailles League of Nations—formed American isolationism
Tie-in between loss of territory and loss of power
Countries who gained territory gained power
No army (big deal with arms race)

8. Peace Unsatisfactory Too harsh
Terms failed to bring bring Russia and US into settlement
Reparations too much

9. Conditions create totalitarians

10. Summary Immediate effects of WWI Long-term Effects
Russian revolution and communism
Creation of new states in Eastern Europe
Reparations
League of Nations
Long-term Effects
Economic disaster
Rise of facism and totalitarian regimes
World War II

11. World Jewry
Soviet Jewry—1917: Bolshevik Revolution, Stalin, working Jewish class organized, Yiddish.
British and French Jewry—extreme right blamed Jews for economic crisis, Popular Front government leader blames foreign Jews
America—quota for Jewish immigration, protocols for Jewish businesses, blame for Jews who are controlling financial system

12. communism
Stalin leads the communist movement in Russia—1917 (fully in place by 1921)
Totalitarianism of the left
Private property taken by state

13. facism
Doctrine that relies on dictatorial rule and totalitarian regime
Censorship
No freedom of expression
Mussolini in Italy—Black Shirts
Oppose the “socialist threat” with force
Followers of facism who experience great satisfaction from belonging to whole (community)

14. Rise of mass politics
Conservatives founded right-wing antisemitic political parties
Pan-German

15. Contributing Factors to Hitler’s Rise
Weimar Republic ( )
Democracy fails in Germany
Seen as weak and ineffective
Communist uprisings break out in German cities
Fear that Social Democrats would take over the industry and break up large estates
Nationalists/militarists want to build the army (Treaty of Versailles prohibits)

16. Weimar Republic
Allies who are unwilling to make peace with imperial gov’t
No democratic attitude
November 1918—Britain declared a liberal provisional German republic
ARTICLE 48—Constitution
President can exercise emergency powers in times of political crisis: permitted the president to suspend the consititution
Inexperienced, associated with terrible military defeat, unpopular, faced many economic hardships

17. Paramilitary Organizations
The Free Corps (Freikorps)
Armed organization of the right wing political group
Nazi Party’s army (Stormtroopers)
Fighting communism coming into Germany

18. Consequences of Treaty of Versailles
Article 231—”Guilt Clause”
Says Germany was guilty (responsible) for starting the war along with Austria
Added shame and humiliation and took at their national pride
Reparations
Military size restriction
100k men who are “willing to defend”
No air force
Limits Navy to 15,000 men

19. Jews in Weimar Germany
Jews have been emancipated with full citizenship for about 100 years
About 13% of the German population were Jews
1/5 of the population of that 13% were refugees
3.5% of the German population were large business owning Jews
German-Workers’ Party—releases anti-Jewish platform (Hitler joins in 1919)

20. Weimar Blamed
Unpopular war treaties were blamed on the Weimar Republic
Had been created in response to Woodrow Wilson’s announcement that he would deal only with a gov’t elected by the German people
Republic viewed as a traitorous gov’t because it signed the Treaty of Versailles (humiliating)

21. Contributing to Hitler’s Rise
Economic Crisis ( )
War costs and debts
Printed paper money to pay bills to France
Inflation that ruined German economy
Price of an egg rose 30millionX in just 10 years

22. Inflation

23. Weakness of Multi-Party System
No one party held a majority of seats in Reichstag
Republic was governed by a coalition of several parties
Unstable coalition because of ideological differences

24. Supporting Republic: Opposing Republic: Social Democrats
Catholic Centrists
German Democrats
Communists
Nationalists
Socialist-Nationalists (NAZI)

25. Failed Putsch Hitler’s party benefited by the economic collapse
Hitler led a massive putsch, or coup, in Munich to overthrow the Bavarian government
German General Ludendorff joined and denounced the Jews for their “deadly superstition of Jehovah”
Attacked 3,000 in a beer hall in Munich
Quickly defeated
Light Punishment (Hitler writes Mein Kampf)

26. Art & Pessimism
WWI had begun in Germany with the belief that it would be a quick victory
After defeat, there was a stark period of disillusionment and despair
Characterized by hopelessness, urge to escape the stark reality—craving for entertainment
Arts and literature mirrored the turmoil of the generation

27. Arts & Literature All Quiet on the Western Front The Magic Mountain
Dadaism—exhibited the concept that life and art have no meaning