1. Cause, Course, and Results
Unit 6: WWI
Cause, Course, and Results

2. European Industrial Revolution: A Global Perspective
Europe surpasses the world in Science and Technology
Displaced traditional methods of production
India
Hurt India’s industries
Impoverished many people
Economic dislocation
Resentment for British among the masses and elite
“divide and rule” religious policies: designed to turn Hindus and Muslims against each other
1911 darbar: royal convocation in Delhi that asserted Britain’s supremacy over India
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3. The Ottoman Empire Not as developed as the West
Ottoman Empire becomes “the Sick Man of Europe”
1805: loss of territory
Vulnerable to be taken over by the British
Young Turks: (1908) a group of army officers and liberal professionals who seized control of and dismembered the government
2nd Balkan War
Austria (wanted Albania independent) vs. Serbia and Russia (wanted to control Albania for access to the sea)
Issues of Nationalism
1914: Ottoman Empire could no longer keep the peace
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4. World War I, 1914-18 Cause & Beginnings of the War
Cause: June 28th,1914 Serbian nationalist assassinated Archduke Ferdinand and his wife
Archduke Ferdinand: heir to the Austro- Hungarian throne
Cause: Austro-Hungarian Empire seized heavily Serbian populated Balkan territories
Result: Austria declares war on Serbia triggering the “domino effect” of the system of alliances (originally to prevent war)
Allied Powers: Serbia, Russia, France, Britain, Japan, Italy
Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottomans, Turkey, Bulgaria
Britain declares war on Germany on August 4th when Germany violates international treaty guaranteeing Belgium neutrality
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5. Course of World War I,
The Battle of the Marne River (Sept. 5th-12th): trenches, machine guns, barbwire - foreshadows war
Attack at Verdun: February 1916 many casualties, Germans give up attack
Russia
Duma: Parliament
Bolshevik Communist Revolutionary replaces Romanov dynasty: Lenin withdraws Russia from the war
British Navy: most powerful, confiscated cargo going to Germany
The U.S. declares war against Germany and the Central Powers in April 1917
America was slow to enter the war, preferred neutrality
Germany sunk the Lusitania
January 1917 Arthur Zimmerman telegram is intercepted
Germany agrees to help Mexico regain lost territory in the U.S. if Mexico formed an alliance with Germany
US entry sealed the Allies victory
$10 billion in military and civilian assistance, food supply, and troops
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6. Post-war Expectations and Results
Estimated 10 million killed, 20 million wounded
Defeat put an end to 3 historic Empires:
Ottoman Empire
Austro-Hungarian Empire
Russian Empire
Promises made during the war that raised aspirations
Wilson’s Fourteen Points served as a basis for a peace program
Expectations of political rewards after the war
Balfour Declaration: British promised the Jews the establishment of Palestine as a national home for Jews
Conflicts between the Arabs and the Jews
India was promised increased involvement in the gov’t
Grateful for women’s contributions to the war, grant women’s suffrage
1918: Britain
1920: United States
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7. Post-war Expectations and Results
Estimated 10 million killed, 20 million wounded
Defeat put an end to 3 historic Empires:
Ottoman Empire
Austro-Hungarian Empire
Russian Empire
Promises made during the war that raised aspirations
Wilson’s Fourteen Points served as a basis for a peace program
Expectations of political rewards after the war
Balfour Declaration: British promised the Jews the establishment of Palestine as a national home for Jews
Conflicts between the Arabs and the Jews
India was promised increased involvement in the gov’t
Grateful for women’s contributions to the war, grant women’s suffrage
1918: Britain
1920: United States
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8. The Paris Peace Settlements, 1919
Redrawing of post-war national borders and settling of financial accounts
Self-determination: Wilson’s doctrine encouraged colonies and sub-national ethnic groups to seek representation, independence and sovereignty
W.E.B. DuBois: African-American scholar and activist who led the Pan-African Movement
Results: (punish states that lost or withdrew)
Austro-Hungarian divided into 2 states; Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia
Ottoman Empire’s core region became Turkey
Greece and Romania expanded
Middle-Eastern regions: 4 new nations mandated as colonies of European powers
Territories of Russia were created into Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, & Lithuania
Germany:
Ordered to pay heavy reparations for the cost of the war
Forced to officially accept total responsibility for causing the loses and damage of the war
Singed the Treaty of Versailles: ended the war officially and left Paris humiliated
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9. The League of Nations Created in 1920 in attempts to: Flaws
Provide for international cooperation
Adjudicate disputes among nations
Prevent future warfare
Flaws
Principle sponsor (U.S.) refused to join because of congressional opposition
Failure to resolve issues of national identities and increasing anti- colonialism
No armed forces
League ends after it fails to counter invasions in multiple regions throughout the world
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10. Treaties, Pacts, and Parties
Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916: France and Britain divided the Arab regions of the Middle East among themselves (after promising independence to the Arabs after the war)
Treaty of Lausanne 1923: grants full sovereignty to Turkey
May 4th Movement (1919): student and others protest the Paris Peace treaties after German holdings in the Shandong Peninsula go to Japan
Led to the formation of the Chinese Communist Party in 1921 and relations with the USSR
Rowlatt Acts: restricted freedoms of the press and assembly in India
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi: leader of the Indian national movement
Non-cooperation campaigns
Wafd Party: party that began demonstrations and riots in Egypt that persuaded the British to grant Egypt nominal independence
Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928: agreement among the great powers to settle disputes without warfare [meaningless pact]

11. Summary of WWI
War caused by European rivalries over political and economic superiority
System of alliances collapsed
Resulted in the collapse of the Turkish, Russian, and Austrian Empires
20 million people died
An embarrassment for Germany
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