1. Taxonomy of Wood Products Solid Wood Products

2. Wood Products Taxonomy
Solid Wood
Softwood Lumber
Boards
Dimension Lumber
Timber
Machine Stress Rated
Glued Wood
Finger Joined
Edge Glued
Treated
Hardwood
Composites
Panels
Particleboard
Medium Density Fibreboard
Plywood
Oriented Strandboard
Engineered Lumber Composites
Glue Laminated Timber
Laminated Veneer Lumber
Oriented Strand Lumber
Wood Products Taxonomy
Engineered Wood Products
I - Beams
Cross Laminated Timber

3. Wood Products Taxonomy
Solid Wood
Softwood Lumber
Boards
Dimension Lumber
Timber
Machine Stress Rated
Glued Wood
Finger Joined
Edge Glued
Treated
Hardwood
Composites
Panels
Particleboard
Medium Density Fibreboard
Plywood
Oriented Strandboard
Engineered Lumber Composites
Glue Laminated Timber
Laminated Veneer Lumber
Oriented Strand Lumber
Wood Products Taxonomy
Engineered Wood Products
I - Beams
Cross Laminated Timber

4. Dimension Lumber  “2 by 4”, “2 by 6”, “2 by 8” construction lumber
 Majority of lumber produced in North America
 Production grew approx. 1.4% p.a. from
Bulk commodity product with little specialization
Used mainly in residential construction

5. Dimension Lumber

6. Dimension lumber - sizes
4.0”
3.7”
3.5”
2.0”
1.7”
1.5”
Rough sawn After drying After planing (“nominal” size) (actual size)
“Two by four”

7. Dimension Lumber - sizes
Thickness – increments of 2 inches
Width – increments of 2 inches
Length – increments of 2 feet
Softwood lumber pricing (US$/MBF)
Product
Length (ft) 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
2 x 4
215
245
240
270
260
2 x 6
235
265
2 x 8
220
255
275
290
2 x 10
195
200
300
315
Premiums for larger cross-section dimensions and lengths.

8. Dimension Lumber Majority of production sold in US
SPF species group (Spruce-Pine-Fir)

9. Typical Canadian residential construction

11. Softwood Boards  Non-structural, finished product
BC Wood Specialties
 Non-structural, finished product
1” thick material, 2” width increments, 2’ length increments
 Markets are: export, industrial, home centres

12. Softwood boards
Canadian softwood board species
Wall panelling

13. Softwood boards
Furniture
Decorative panelling

14. Timber  Minimum dimensions 5.5” High value product
Majority goes to export markets
 Production is decreasing

15. Timber Post and beam construction
Architectural value as well as structural role
Higher value product than smaller dimensions ($/m3)

16. Timber http://www.flickr.com/photos/monahan/3083747492/
Danzaland, Flickr 100_9859, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

17. Timber

18. Timber Cut from large diameter, old-growth logs
Emphasis is on quality rather than speed of production

19. Solid softwood lumber – species
Boards Dimension lumber Timber Spruce SPF Douglas-fir Douglas-fir Douglas-fir Cedars Pines Hemlock Hemlock Cedars

20. Machine Stress Rated Lumber
Lumber is graded by machine rather than manually
Uses non-destructive measurement of stiffness to predict strength of lumber pieces
 Structural end-uses
 Value-added lumber product
 Trusses are large market

21. Bending test Load Deflection Maximum load Modulus of Rupture
MOR “strength”
Load
Linear portion of curve
Modulus of Elasticity
MOE “stiffness”
Deflection

22. MOE – MOR relationship MOR “strength” MOE “stiffness” MOR predicted x
MOE measured
MOE
“stiffness”

23. Machine Stress Rated Lumber
Sensor
Rollers
Load cell
Lumber

24. Machine Stress Rated Lumber
mill designation
grading agency
species group
A.F.P.A S-P-F MACHINE RATED S-DRY 1800f 1.6E
moisture content when surfaced
Grade: modulus of elasticity (x106 psi)
Grade: bending strength (psi, allowable stress)
(Alberta Forest Products Association)

25. MSR lumber in roof trusses

27. Common truss configurations

28. Softwood lumber prices
Prices in $US per thousand board feet (Mfbm) (2x4, random lengths)
SPF, 2400f $ 450
SPF, 2100f $ 435
SPF, 1800f $ 425
SPF, 1650f $ 405
D-fir, #2 and better $ 420
SPF, #2 and better $ 372

29. Wood Products Taxonomy
Solid Wood
Softwood Lumber
Boards
Dimension Lumber
Timber
Machine Stress Rated
Glued Wood
Finger Joined
Edge Glued
Treated
Hardwood
Composites
Panels
Particleboard
Medium Density Fibreboard
Plywood
Oriented Strandboard
Engineered Lumber Composites
Glue Laminated Timber
Laminated Veneer Lumber
Oriented Strand Lumber
Wood Products Taxonomy
Engineered Wood Products
I - Beams
Cross Laminated Timber

30. Short lengths Longer lengths
e.g. dimension lumber trim ends

31. Removal of defects
defect, e.g. knots
Butt joint (end grain)

32. Finger Jointed Lumber Longer lengths produced from shorter stock
Allow defects to be reduced
End-to-end joints via side-grain gluing

33. Finger Jointed Lumber
BC Wood Specialties
 Structural or non-structural joints can be made
Longer fingers → greater strengths
Increased dimensional stability in resulting piece
 Utilized in lumber, glulam, I-beams

34. Finger joints
Narrower edge
Wider face

35. Dimensional stability of finger joined lumber
Warping tendency of any one piece is randomized in its location in finger-joined lumber and resulting piece is more dimensionally stable.

36. Finger joined stud wall of garage

37. Edge-glued Panels  Edge-lamination of wood
 Greater widths from narrow material
 Dimensionally stable-panel produced
 Industrial and finished retail products

38. Wood dryng defects Tangential shrinkage > Radial shrinkage
Natural tendency to “cup”
Cupping is greater in wider pieces of wood

39. Dimensional stability of edge-glued panels
Randomization of end grain patterns
Less likely to cup

40. Edge-glued panels

41. Wood Products Taxonomy
Solid Wood
Softwood Lumber
Boards
Dimension Lumber
Timber
Machine Stress Rated
Glued Wood
Finger Joined
Edge Glued
Treated
Hardwood
Composites
Panels
Particleboard
Medium Density Fibreboard
Plywood
Oriented Strandboard
Engineered Lumber Composites
Glue Laminated Timber
Laminated Veneer Lumber
Oriented Strand Lumber
Wood Products Taxonomy
Engineered Wood Products
I - Beams
Cross Laminated Timber

42. Treated Wood Preserves the wood against fungal degradation
For wood used in external conditions
Effectively poisons the wood
Chemical agent is either water-borne or oil-borne
Usually introduced into wood using pressure treatment

43. Treated Wood Examples of preservatives
Creosote
Pentachlorophenol (PCP)
Chromated copper arsenate (CCA)
Ammoniacal copper quaternary (ACQ)

44. Treated Wood Pressure treatment vessels

45. Treated Wood Examples of preservative use
Creosote
Pentachlorophenol (PCP)

46. Treated Wood Examples of preservative use
CCA
ACQ

47. Pressure-treated Wood
Non-incised lumber
Incised lumber
The retention of wood preservatives in wood species which do not readily abosrb the preservative chemical can be enhanced by incising the wood.

48. Wood Products Taxonomy
Solid Wood
Softwood Lumber
Boards
Dimension Lumber
Timber
Machine Stress Rated
Glued Wood
Finger Joined
Edge Glued
Treated
Hardwood
Composites
Panels
Particleboard
Medium Density Fibreboard
Plywood
Oriented Strandboard
Engineered Lumber Composites
Glue Laminated Timber
Laminated Veneer Lumber
Oriented Strand Lumber
Wood Products Taxonomy
Engineered Wood Products
I - Beams
Cross Laminated Timber

49. Hardwood Lumber Visual appearance of lumber is key
Used for decorative and architectural purposes rather than structural products
Flooring, trim & molding, joinery, cabinets, furniture

50. Hardwood Lumber

51. Hardwood Lumber
Grading system based on cutting high quality boards from rough lumber.
Thickness – usually 1 inch (but also other thicknesses)
Width – random widths
Length – increments of 1 foot

52. Lumber Grading Softwood vs. Harwoods

53. Lumber Grading - softwoods
Softwood grading considers that the piece of lumber will be used as it stands and will not undergo subsequent reprocessing.
Therefore the greatest defect in the piece decides the grade of that piece of lumber.

54. Lumber Grading - harwoods
Hardwood boards are graded on the amount of clear (defect-free) wood that can be obtained after the removal of defects.
The boards are either “ripped” along the grain, or “chopped” across the grain to produce smaller, clear pieces are called “cuttings”.
Cuttings are then used in the production of other items such as edge-glued panels or furniture.

55. Solid softwood lumber Dimension Lumber Timber Boards
Machine Stress Rated Lumber

56. Other solid lumber products
Edge-glued Panels
Finger Jointed lumber
Treated Wood
Hardwood