1. 17 DEC 08
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-5
DRILL
Which of the following data sets is the potential source for the pie chart below? A B C
101%
U.S. Energy Use 1996

2. Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-5
Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels
Fuel Types
Non-renewable
Fossil Fuels
Coal, Natural Gas, Petroleum (Oil)
Nuclear – Uranium ore
Renewable
Biofuels, Biomass, Geothermal, Hydro, Solar, Tidal, Wave, Wind
DONE
We’ll get to the rest in “Power Plants”

3. Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-5
Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels
Renewable Fuels
Fuels produced from renewable resources
Renewable Resources:
A natural resource replenished by natural processes at a rate comparable or faster than its rate of consumption by humans or other users.

4. Renewable Fuels – Biofuel
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-5
Renewable Fuels – Biofuel
Any fuel with an 80% minimum content by volume of materials derived from living organisms harvested within 10 years of fuel manufacture
Ford’s “Model T” – 1st affordable automobile – designed to run on ethanol
The diesel engine – invented 1897 – was designed to run on biodiesel
Like coal, natural gas, and petroleum, biofuel is a form of stored solar energy
It is biodegradable

5. Renewable Fuels – Biofuel
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-5
Renewable Fuels – Biofuel
Sources
Bio Waste – biogas (methane)
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
~70% of landfill MSW is biofuel material
Sewage sludge
Animal waste and manure
Used oils
Edible Foods
Animal fats, vegetable oils, seeds, corn, wheat, sugar beets, sugar cane, etc.

6. Renewable Fuels – Biofuel
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-5
Sources (cont.)
Non-edible Parts of Foods
Agricultural residues (peels, skins, husks, straw, cores, fish heads)
Algae
Yields of algal oil are greater than traditional oilseeds
Can grow for from farmlands and forests, minimizing damage to those ecosystems/food chains
Can be grown in sewages and next to smokestacks to digest pollutants and give oil

7. Renewable Fuels – Biofuel
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-5
Renewable Fuels – Biofuel
Biofuel Types
Vegetable Oil
Lower quality (not quite edible) used for fuel oil
Used veg. oil increasingly used for biodiesel
Restaurant cooking oil sold/stolen and used
Bioalcohols
Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol, Butanol
Energy content comparable to gasoline
“Flexfuel” systems can run on gasoline or ethanol

8. Renewable Fuels – Biofuel
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-5
Biofuel Types
Bioalcohols (cont.)
Ethanol most common biofuel worldwide
Brazil is largest source of ethanol
E85 – most common type – 85% ethanol, 15% gasoline.
Chemical Formula:
Methane = CH4
Methanol = CH4O = CH3OH
Ethane = C2H6
Ethanol = C2H6O = C2H5OH
Alcohol

9. Renewable Fuels – Biofuel
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-5
Renewable Fuels – Biofuel
Biofuel Types
Biodiesel
Diesel engine was invented to run on peanut oil
Most common biofuel in Europe
Packs as much energy as its fossil fuel counterpart
Can be used in existing diesel engines with little modification
Made from vegetable oils – soybean, canola, hemp
Made from animal fats
Made from algae
"The use of vegetable oils for engine fuels may seem insignificant today. But such oils may become in the course of time as important as the petroleum and coal tar products of the present time“
Rudolf Diesel, 1912

10. Renewable Fuels – Biofuel
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-5
Biofuel Types - Biodiesel

11. Renewable Fuels – Biofuel
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-5
Renewable Fuels – Biofuel
Biofuel Types
Biogas
Produced by anaerobic digestion of organic material
Anaerobic digestion – microorganisms break down biodegradables in absence of oxygen
Organic material – a once-living organism, capable of decay, or the product of decay
Landfills (70% of landfill) and other biodegradable wastes
Manure and other sources currently released into atmosphere
Biogas contains methane

12. Renewable Fuels – Biofuel
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-5
Renewable Fuels – Biofuel
Solid Biofuels – Biomass
Wood, sawdust, grass cuttings, domestic refuse, charcoal, agricultural waste, non-food energy crops, and dried manure
When already in usable form (firewood), can be burned directly for heat or produce steam (for electricity generation)
When not in usable form, create pellets out of material to be burned in pellet stove
Wood pellet stove

13. Source: http://www.fas.usda.gov/cmp/biofuels/032207Chiapasrev.ppt#7
This map of ethanol refineries clearly points to a revitalization of our country’s mid-section, where state populations have declined in recent years.
-Examples of rural development assistance from biofuels:
-The ethanol industry in the State of Iowa helped push the state to one of the fastest growing in the United States. The industry contributed over $16 million in tax revenue to the state and created over 5,000 new jobs.
-In Plainview, Nebraska, a small farming town of 1,353 people, the residents invested millions of dollars to build a 25 million gallon ethanol facility which brought 33 direct jobs and 73 indirect jobs. The average salary paid to the employees of the plant significantly exceeds the county average. The ethanol facility paid $128,772 in property taxes in a recent year providing increased county revenue.
-The start of ethanol production at the James Valley Ethanol plant in the spring of 2003 has boosted employment and population in the town of Groton, South Dakota. The plant produces nearly 50 million gallons per year of ethanol from locally produced corn. Groton now boasts a population of more than 1,300 residents which includes families of employees attracted to quality jobs at the new plant.
- In Minnesota, my home State, …………discuss your experiences …….

14. U.S. Biofuel Production
Source:
Based on USDA’s current long-term projections just released last month, biofuel production is expected to increase dramatically in the next several years before leveling off. As motor vehicle blending requirements approach maximum limits. (e.g. engine manufacturers do not warranty use of ethanol above 10% which would equate to a maximum ethanol E-10 use roughly 14 billion gallons)
This projection does not include proposed increases in the federal mandate or incorporate the President’s twenty in ten plan which would demand 35 billion gallons of alternative fuel by 2017.
Note: 2006/07 through 2010/11 are projected based on the February 9, 2007, World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates, the March 2, 2007, Grains and Oilseeds Outlook 2007, and the February 2007 USDA Agricultural Projections to 2016.

15. U.S. Maintains Corn Exports as Ethanol and Corn Production Expands
Source:
The higher corn prices will drive larger corn plantings resulting in increased production.
While U.S. corn exports are expected to decline marginally, the United States is still expected to remain the worlds largest corn exporter for the foreseeable future.

16. IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-5
Classwork/Homework
Draft a pamphlet that describes nonrenewable and renewable fuels, the different types of each, and any additional relevant information, such as how the fuels are processed/derived. Include sketches and descriptions.