1. Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System

2. Nose Primary organ from which air enters and leaves the body
Mucus and Cilia lining help trap unwanted particles from entering the body
Humidifies and moistens air
Septum divides the nose into two parts
One part is for respiration
The other is for smelling

3. Pharynx
Tubular structure between the nasal and oral cavity that allows air to travel from mouth to lungs
Throat
Three parts
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Contains connective muscles that prevent us from swallowing air
Epiglottis: flap of tissue that channel air to the lungs and food to the esophagus
Isthmus: Connects the oral and nasal portions, allows humans to breathe through the nose or mouth

4. Larynx “Voice box” Passageway for air to the lungs
Source of vocalization
Hyoid bone and cartilage, help regulate airflow

5. Bronchi Allows air to enter the lungs Two parts
Right main bronchus is shorter and wider than the left
Right bronchus is subdivided into three parts
Left bronchus is divided into two parts

6. Lungs Left lung is divided into superior and inferior lobe
Right lung is divided into superior, middle, and inferior lobe
Main job is respiration
Take oxygen from the atmosphere and put it into blood
Take CO2 from blood and breathe it into the atmosphere

7. Alveoli 600 million alveoli
Grape-like trees at the end of the “respiratory tree”
Gas exchanges take place here
Some effort to inflate the sacs
Little to no effort to deflate the sacs

8. Diaphragm
Muscular structure between the thoracic and abdominal cavities
When air comes in, the diaphragm expands and opens up the chest cavity allowing more room for air to enter the lungs

9. Epithelial Tissue Lines the surface and cavities of organs
Simple squamous epithelial tissue makes up the alveoli
Easy to diffuse oxygen into the bloodstream
Stratified squamous epithelial tissue found as a layer for alveoli
Easy diffusion
Protective layer against airborne pathogens/toxins
Simple: Single cell layer
Stratified: Composed of multiple cell layers

10. Other Tissues Nerve tissue Muscle tissue Connective tissue
Reacts to stimuli
Conducts impulses
Muscle tissue
Soft tissue that composes muscle
Smooth muscle tissue
Controls slow, involuntary movement
Contracts and relaxes organs
Connective tissue
Maintains form of body
Provides cohesion and internal support, as well as connectivity

11. Epithelial Cells Lines respiratory tract
Moistens and protects airways, serves as a barrier for pathogens and foreign particles
Ciliated cells
Very long epithelial cells
Specialized cilia attachments
Goblet cells
Secrete mucins to create mucus

12. Red Blood Cells
Delivers oxygen to parts of the body through the circulatory system
Hemoglobin carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues in the body, and carbon dioxide from back to the lungs

13. Other Cells Alveolar Cells Club Cells
Type I: Line the alveoli. Important for gas exchange
Type II: Scattered among the Type I cells, secrete ingredients for a surfactant to coat the alveoli
Club Cells
Nonciliated cells
Secrete a serous product that helps create a surfactant to protect the bronchial lining.
Found in the bronchiolar epithelium

14. Hormones Essential for cell communication
Thyroxine: Produced by thyroid gland; facilitates respiration
Carbonic anhydrase: Combines carbon dioxide with water to form carbonic acid to transfer carbon dioxide through the body
Angiotensin (converting enzyme): Converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II to contract blood vessels
Others: Hypothalmic, neuropeptides, estrogen, testosterone, leptin, dopamine

15. Chemoreceptors
Receptors in the medulla oblongata detect changes in the pH levels of the blood.
If not enough oxygen is being taken in, the CO2 level of the blood rise, and the blood becomes more acidic.
This triggers an increase in nerve impulses that stimulate the diaphragm which increases lung ventilation and brings the CO2 blood levels to normal.

16. Other Features Cilia Mucus
Microscopic, hair-like structures that extend from the surface of cells
Rhythmic waving or beating motion
Keep the airways clear of mucus and dirt, blocking pathogens and allowing for easier breath
Mucus
Protects the mucous membranes
Maintain epithelial moisture
Traps particulate material and pathogens moving through the airway

17. Work Cited
"Anonymous." SpringerReference (n.d.): n. pag. Springer. Web. 4 Mar
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"Epithelial Cells." Simple Squamous Epithelium. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Mar
"Epithelial Cells." Stratified Epithelium. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Mar
"Nervous Tissues." Nervous Tissue. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Mar
"Muscle Tissues." Muscle Tissue. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Mar
Fawcett, Don W. "Connective Tissue." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 04 Mar
The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. "Pharynx." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 04 Mar
"Functions of Organs in Respiratory System | MD-Health.com." Functions of Organs in Respiratory System | MD-Health.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Mar
"Diaphragm in Respiratory System." InnerBody. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Mar