1. If you were an onlooker, how would you describe your physical surroundings in these pictures? WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT OUR UNIVERSE? PROVE IT!

2. Scholars were curious about:
…if you had no technology & wanted to explain the natural world around you, you might let your personal observations guide you!
Scholars were curious about:
…what the universe looks like.
…HOW the universe moves.
…what “stuff” in the universe is made of.
PRE-Scientific Revolution scientists got their answers from: THE CHURCH, ROME & GREECE

3. What was the Scientific Revolution?

4. What was the Scientific Revolution?
…time period (1500s-1700s) when the emergence of modern science, math, astronomy & a new way of thinking about the natural/Physical world challenged traditional (old or pre-modern) views & relied upon experimentation & new science.
“What is & WHAT DRIVES a REVOLUTION?”
…and WHO?

5. Old Views (pre-Modern) on SCIENCE, MAGIC & RELIGION
1.) Aristotle, Ptolemy & the GEOCENTRIC MODEL – eventually accepted by the church! (traditional authorities – science focused on observation & sensory experience – no real technology to use)
“Why did Christianity support this theory?”
(Bible taught God placed earth at center of universe…)
1 Chronicles 16:30 – “Fear before him, all the earth: the world also shall be stable, that it be not moved.”
The theory holds that the human body is filled with four basic substances, called humors, which are in balance when a person is healthy. Diseases and disabilities supposedly resulted from an excess or deficit of one of these four humors. Disease could also be the result of the "corruption" of one or more of the humors, which could be caused by environmental circumstances, dietary changes, or many other factors.[6] These deficits were thought to be caused by vapors inhaled or absorbed by the body. The four humors are black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood. These terms only partly correspond to the modern medical terminology, in which there is no distinction between black and yellow bile, and in which phlegm has a very different meaning. These "humors" may have their roots in the appearance of a blood sedimentation test made in open air, which exhibits a dark clot at the bottom ("black bile"), a layer of unclotted erythrocytes ("blood"), a layer of white blood cells ("phlegm") and a layer of clear yellow serum ("yellow bile"). It was believed that these were the basic substances from which all liquids in the body were made.[7][need quotation to verify]
Greeks and Romans, and the later Muslim and Western European medical establishments that adopted and adapted classical medical philosophy, believed that each of these humors would wax and wane in the body, depending on diet and activity. When a patient was suffering from a surplus or imbalance of one of these four fluids, then said patient's personality and or physical health could be negatively affected. This theory was closely related to the theory of the four elements: earth, fire, water and air; earth predominantly present in the black bile, fire in the yellow bile, water in the phlegm, and all four elements present in the blood.[8]
Paired qualities were associated with each humor and its season. The word humor is a translation of Greek χυμός,[9] chymos (literally juice or sap, metaphorically flavor). At around the same time, ancient Indian Ayurveda medicine had developed a theory of three humors, which they linked with the five Hindu elements.
Psalm 104:5 – “He set the earth on its foundations; it can never be moved.”
Psalm 96:10 – “Say among the heathen that the Lord reigneth: the world also shall be established that it shall not be moved: he shall judge the people righteously.”
Ecclesiastes 1:5 – “The sun also ariseth, and the sun goeth down, and hasteth to his place where he arose.”

6. Scholars were curious about:
GEOCENTRIC THEORY
(& the Ptolemaic System)
* …Aristotle develops in the 4th century B.C. (Ptolemy expanded theory in 2nd century A.D.)
* earth was an unmoving object at center of universe! (WHAT?)… The moon, sun & planets move around earth.
Two commonly made observations supported the idea that Earth was the center of the Universe.
The first observation was that the stars, the sun, and planets appear to revolve around Earth each day, making Earth the center of that system. Further, every star was on a "stellar" or "celestial" sphere, of which the earth was the center, that rotated each day, using a line through the north and south pole as an axis. The stars closest to the equator appeared to rise and fall the greatest distance, but each star circled back to its rising point each day.
The second common notion supporting the geocentric model was that the Earth does not seem to move from the perspective of an Earth bound observer, and that it is solid, stable, and unmoving. In other words, it is completely at rest.
* Series of concentric spheres – beyond planets lay sphere of fixed stars & HEAVEN (God).
Scholars were curious about:
…what the universe looks like.
…HOW the universe moves.
…what “stuff” in the universe is made of.

7. Old Views (pre-Modern) on SCIENCE, MAGIC & RELIGION
1.) Aristotle, Ptolemy & the GEOCENTRIC MODEL – eventually accepted by the church! (traditional authorities – science focused on observation & sensory experience – no real technology to use)
“Why did Christianity support this theory?”
(Bible taught God placed earth at center of universe…)
2.) RELIGION & trusting the CHURCH! (Bible, DOGMA, etc.)
Alchemy is a philosophical and protoscientific tradition practiced throughout Europe, Africa and Asia. It aimed to purify, mature, and perfect certain objects.[1][2][n 1] Common aims were chrysopoeia, the transmutation of "base metals" (e.g., lead) into "noble metals" (particularly gold); the creation of an elixir of immortality; the creation of panaceas able to cure any disease; and the development of an alkahest, a universal solvent … The theory holds that the human body is filled with four basic substances, called humors, which are in balance when a person is healthy … Diseases and disabilities supposedly resulted from an excess or deficit of one of these four humors … Disease could also be the result of the "corruption" of one or more of the humors, which could be caused by environmental circumstances, dietary changes, or many other factors … These deficits were thought to be caused by vapors inhaled or absorbed by the body. The four humors are black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood.
These terms only partly correspond to the modern medical terminology, in which there is no distinction between black and yellow bile, and in which phlegm has a very different meaning. These "humors" may have their roots in the appearance of a blood sedimentation test made in open air, which exhibits a dark clot at the bottom ("black bile"), a layer of unclotted erythrocytes ("blood"), a layer of white blood cells ("phlegm") and a layer of clear yellow serum ("yellow bile"). It was believed that these were the basic substances from which all liquids in the body were made.
Greeks and Romans, and the later Muslim and Western European medical establishments that adopted and adapted classical medical philosophy, believed that each of these humors would wax and wane in the body, depending on diet and activity.
When a patient was suffering from a surplus or imbalance of one of these four fluids, then said patient's personality and or physical health could be negatively affected. This theory was closely related to the theory of the four elements: earth, fire, water and air; earth predominantly present in the black bile, fire in the yellow bile, water in the phlegm, and all four elements present in the blood.
Paired qualities were associated with each humor and its season. The word humor is a translation of Greek χυμός, chymos (literally juice or sap, metaphorically flavor).
3.) Belief & support of practices like ALCHEMY & ASTROLOGY (magic was possible & believable)
4.) Medical science was based on 4 classical elements: fire, earth, water & air (HUMORISM)

8. SO, what changed?
CAUSE #1.) Renaissance humanists mastered Greek/Latin (translated works of Ptolemy, Archimedes & Plato); Humanists disagreed with Aristotle! (preferred INDIVIDUAL thought, experimentation & SENSORY EXPERIENCE to a reliance on dogma & superstition)
CAUSES #2 & 3.) NEW PROBLEMS (age of exploration?) required NEW SOLUTIONS – which led to the development of NEW TECH. & MATH
Renaissance humanism is the study of classical antiquity, at first in Italy and then spreading across Western Europe in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries…
empiricism: the theory that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience.
Causes: Renaissance encouraged curiosity, investigation, discovery, modern day knowledge. Caused people to question old beliefs. During the era of the Scientific Revolution, people began using experiments and mathematics to understand mysteries. Effects: New discoveries were made, old beliefs began to be proven wrong.
EX.) Telescope, compound microscope, Algebra, development of analytical geometry, calculus.
* Aristotle’s findings called the shots during the Middle Ages – BUT, was he right?

9. Nicolaus Copernicus & the Heliocentric Theory
* On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies (written in 1530, published in 1543), Copernicus proposed a heliocentric system (still wrong, though…)
* Earth & planets revolve around the sun! (circular orbit, earth axis)
*** THINK: Why did Copernicus wait until he was on his deathbed to publish On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies?
Began writing in 1514 – finished in 1530 – published in 1543 in Nuremberg (HRE) … just before he died.
Initially published 400 copies – didn’t sell out! Copernicus had made the book extremely technical, unreadable to all but the most advanced astronomers of the day, allowing it to disseminate into their ranks before stirring great controversy…
Not banned until 1616.
Answer: he feared ridicule from scholars & persecution from the Catholic Church
Polish astrologist & Mathematician
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies began the COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
(aka the Scientific Revolution!)

10. Nicolaus Copernicus & the Heliocentric Theory
Polish astrologist & Mathematician
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies began the COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
(aka the Scientific Revolution!)

11. …the SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION!
New ways of thinking & technological developments, it gave Europeans a new way to view humankind’s place in the universe! *
* BIG IDEA into NEXT TIME: Advances in math, science & tech. by PEOPLE allowed scholars to demonstrate the proof of abstract theories with clear & logical evidence!

13. Dawn of Modern Science
* Middle Ages/Pre-Renaissance scholars sought answers about the natural world from the CHURCH (mid-1500s, others began to think in new ways)
Old View (pre-Modern)
* CAUSES OF THE SCI. REV. *
Scholars relied on traditional authorities for beliefs about structure of universe (Aristotle, Ptolemy, etc.)
Aristotle & the Geocentric Model (Earth was center of Universe)
Ideas about natural world were upheld by church, accepted authority for European intellectuals
1.) Scholars (humanists) began to challenge traditional authorities (Aristotle) in the 1500s
2.) Why OPEN TO NEW IDEAS?
* Exploration (new lands, new people, new animals, new curiosities)
3.) Scientists & Mathematicians began to think in new ways – posed theories, developed procedures to test theories (EVIDENCE & EXPERIMENT)
empiricism: the theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience.