1. The Waning Days of the Roman Republic

2. Caesar’s Death March 15, 44 BC created a power vacuum
Antony became self-appointed leader
appointed governor of Cisalpine Gaul (where most of army was concentrated)

3. Octavian Arrives on the Scene
Octavian 18 in 44 BC
designated in will as Caesar’s adopted son and heir
made his intentions clear; Caesar’s name
had himself elected consul in 42 BC (through persuasion and might)

4. Octavian vs. Antony
Antony spent winter of 40 BC in Egypt with Cleopatra
Second Triumvirate renewed in 38 BC; Fulvia died Octavia + Antony
Lepidus retired to private life in 36 BC
Antony divorces Octavia in 32 BC
49 – 50 BC

5. Antony’s Downfall married Cleopatra, but not recognized by Roman law
declared Caesarion as Caesar’s legal heir
Senate declared Antony an outlaw in 31 BC
Rome will go to war with Cleopatra
coin of Antony and Cleopatra

6. Octavian, with immense help from Agrippa, defeated Antony and Cleopatra’s forces
Antony and Cleopatra fled to Egypt
Battle of Actium
Agrippa & Octavian
chained crocodile

7. Octavian Called Augustus
27 BC given title by Senate
not Pontifex Maximus till 12 BC when Lepidus died
instituted traditional values
closed doors of Temple of Janus, which hadn’t been closed in 200 years

8. standards lost to Parthia by Crassus in 53 BC
restored by Augustus in 20 BC
placed in Temple of Mars Ultor
Augustus Prima Porta 20 BC

9. standards lost to Parthia by Crassus in 53 BC
restored by Augustus in 20 BC
placed in Temple of Mars Ultor

10. Ara Pacis
commissioned in 13 BC
dedicated in 9 BC

11. Ara Pacis
a functioning sacrificial altar
note drainage holes

12. Ara Pacis Where is Agrippa?

13. Pantheon built by Agrippa (27 BC)

14. Ara Pacis
Aeneas at sacrificial altar with attendants, sow, and lararium

15. Ara Pacis
Where is Augustus?

16. From the horse’s mouth: Res Gestae
originally written on bronze tablets (?)
stone columns in Augustus’ mausoleum (finished by 23 BC)

17. From the horse’s mouth: Res Gestae Things Accomplished
63 BC – 14 AD