1. MGMT 203 Propulsion and Aircraft Performance Management Perspective
Module 3

2. THIS DAY IN AVIATION September 18
1928 — The first rotating- wing aircraft to fly the English Channel is the Cierva C-8L “Autogyro” flown by its designer, Spaniard, Juan de la Cierva.

3. THIS DAY IN AVIATION September 18
1928 — Juan de la Cierva flies his autogiro from London to Paris.

4. THIS DAY IN AVIATION September 18
1928 — Swedish pilot, Lindner, and Baron von Huenefeld fly a Junkers monoplane from Berlin to Tokyo, Japan.

5. THIS DAY IN AVIATION September 18
1940 — The first flight of the Zeppelin LZ-127 “Graf Zeppelin” is made.
It is the most successful rigid airship ever built, flown commercially on a regular basis from Europe to South America.
It flies over a million miles and carries some 13,100 passengers before its demise in 1940.

6. THIS DAY IN AVIATION September 18
1947 — The United States Air Force becomes an independent service within the unified United States armed forces.
This change recognizes the fact that air power is to be the nation's first line of defense.

7. THIS DAY IN AVIATION September 18
1948 — The first flight of a delta-wing jet airplane is made with the Convair XF- 92A.

8. Questions / Comments

9. Management of Aeronautical Science
Learning Objectives – Module 3 (9/18/17 – 9/29/17) Propulsion and Aircraft Performance Management Perspective
Upon successful completion of this module, you will be able to:
Define aircraft performance terms and life cycles costs.
Describe the Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM) and Pilot’s Operating Handbook.
Describe three classifications of reciprocating engines.
Describe a turbofan engine that has a dual spool axial flow compressor.
Examine the different types of systems used for reciprocating and turbine engines.
Critique why a turboprop engine is used and its three sections.
Describe a propeller and how thrust is produced.

10. Management of Aeronautical Science
Learning Objectives – Module 3 (9/18/17 – 9/29/17) Propulsion and Aircraft Performance Management Perspective
Upon successful completion of this module, you will be able to:
Describe where you can find weight and balance limitations specified.
Analyze aircraft payloads for overweight conditions and proper loading of an airplane.
Describe the two types of plans that are used in the business flight department.
Compose a list of business flight department records. Consider operations and maintenance.

11. Questions / Comments

12. Readings The Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
Chapter 7 - Aircraft Systems, Powerplants (pages 7-1 to 7-24)
Chapter 10 - Weight and Balance
Chapter 11 - Aircraft Performance
Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) - Please review 14 CFR Parts:
33, 91, 121, 125, and 135.
Textbook – Business and Corporate Aviation Management
Chapter 4: Running the Business

13. Discussion: Interviewing with Northern Air Cargo for a Management Position Wed Sep 27
You are interviewing for a management position at Northern Air Cargo (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.(NAC), a general airfreight service that operates throughout Alaska. As part of your preparation for the interview, you thoroughly check out their website. You also found out that the interviewers are likely to discuss any of these topics:
Aircraft Performance
Turbofan engines
Air cargo and freight operations
Hazardous materials
Safety culture
Routes and Locations
Problems with weight and balance
Repairs and modifications
Maintenance scheduling vs. flight schedules
PART I: Choose one of the Interview Topics from above and discuss how they relate to the safe and efficient management of Northern Air Cargo operations. Consider that you are interviewing with Northern Air Cargo and have been asked the following question: "As the next Manager of Aviation Operations at Northern Air Cargo how will you safely, effectively, and efficiently address (enter topic here)?" 
PART II: Be sure to read the responses from your classmates logically. Remember, a manager's role is to provide proper thorough oversight and direction to a group that is trying to accomplish a certain task.
Your post should be a minimum of 300 words with at least, two sources cited.
Respond to at least one of your classmates.
Your responses to classmates should be at least 100 words

14. Discussion: YouTube Video: Wed Sep 27

15. Module 3 Review Questions (Due Fri Sep 29)
Spend quality time responding to the following questions in your own words.
1. Defend the importance of the Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM) and Pilot’s Operating Handbook.
2. Name the four stages or the Life Cycle Costs and describe which stage is the highest and why.
3. Describe the three classifications of reciprocating engines. Please give examples of each type.
4. Describe two types of plans that are used in a business or corporate aviation flight department.
5. Describe why a turboprop is used in aviation today. What are the three main sections of a turboprop engine?

16. Term Paper Topics
Your Final Term Paper must be at least 12 pages and consist of the following:
A title page
Main text (10 pages)
Reference page (current APA format)
The paper should include some of the headings below as appropriate:
Introduction
Description of the Company or Agency (Basically what business are you in)
Operation Description
Equipment or Aircraft
Maintenance Requirements
Manager’s Roles and Responsibilities
Staff Qualifications, Certifications, and Responsibilities
Human Factors
Quality Requirements
Regulations and Laws
Safety
Security
Environmental Responsibilities
Other Management Factors Considered
References (current APA format)
Aircraft Manufacturing Management
- Chris Corbett
Fire and Crash Rescue Management
- Trent Thompson
Helicopter Operations Management
- Casey Bradford

17. Assignments Due – Module 3 (9/18/17 – 9/29/17)
Management of Aeronautical Science
Assignments Due – Module 3 (9/18/17 – 9/29/17)
Review Module 3 Instructions for the following assignments:
Discussion Board Due (Interviewing with Northern Air Cargo for a Management Position)
(Due - Wed Sep 27) – 2 part (Post and Respond)
Discussion Board Due (YouTube Video)
Review Questions – Propulsion and Aircraft Performance Management Perspective
(Due - Fri Sep 29) – 5 Questions

18. September / October 2017
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday 17 18
Module 3
Intro
Propulsion and Aircraft Performance 19
Propulsion and Aircraft Performance 20 21 22
Flightline Friday
Progress Reports Sent Home 23 24 25 26 27
Discussion Due 28
Beaufort County Airport (ILT) 29
Review Questions Due 30 1 2
Module 4
Aircraft Systems and Maintenance 3
Aircraft Systems and Maintenance 4
Aircraft Systems and Maintenance 5 6
Flightline 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

19. Questions / Comments

20. MGMT 203 Propulsion and Aircraft Performance Management Perspective
Module 3

21. Managers’ Perspective
Understand the basics of
Aircraft Performance
Propulsion
Reciprocating engine
Turbine engine
Weight and Balance
Management Considerations
In this course, we will make reference to Title # CFR Part # as # CFR Part #
Example: 14 CFR Part #

22. Aircraft Performance Check the following Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM)
Developed by manufacturer and approved by FAA.
14 CFR Part must be current
14 CFR Part 91.9
Pilot’s Operating Handbook
Performance Charts
Takeoff
Climb
Cruise
Landing
Specific Type Certification Data Sheet (TCDS).

23. AIRLINES use FAR Part 121 Federal Aviation Regulations
Management of Aeronautical Science
AIRLINES use FAR Part 121 Federal Aviation Regulations
Sec Airplane Flight Manual
(a) Each certificate holder shall keep a current approved airplane flight manual for each type of airplane that it operates except for non-transport category airplanes certificated before January 1, 1965.

24. GENERAL AVIATION use Part 91 Federal Aviation Regulations
Management of Aeronautical Science
GENERAL AVIATION use Part 91 Federal Aviation Regulations
Sec Civil aircraft flight manual
(b) No person may operate a U.S.-registered civil aircraft--
(1) For which an Airplane or Rotorcraft Flight Manual is required by Sec of this chapter unless there is available in the aircraft a current, approved Airplane or Rotorcraft Flight Manual or the manual provided for in Sec (b)

25. Pilot’s Operating Handbook (POH)
Management of Aeronautical Science
Pilot’s Operating Handbook (POH)
Name for the approved Airplane Flight Manual (AFM) before 1979
Created by the manufacturer
Certified by the FAA
Specific order of information
Specific to a serial number/make/model/ tail number
Must be in the aircraft

26. Pilots Information Manual
Management of Aeronautical Science
Pilots Information Manual
Basic information manual for certain make/model of the aircraft
Contains performance and all the other information as in a AFM
Not aircraft specific for weight/balance and equipment for a specific aircraft
Can not be used as a replacement for a AFM

27. Airplane Flight Manual (AFM) Pilot’s Operating Handbook (POH)
Management of Aeronautical Science
Airplane Flight Manual (AFM) Pilot’s Operating Handbook (POH)

28. Chapter 10 – Aircraft Performance
FAA – Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge

29. Airplane Flight Manual (AFM) Pilot’s Operating Handbook (POH)
Management of Aeronautical Science
Airplane Flight Manual (AFM) Pilot’s Operating Handbook (POH)
Basic Performance Charts
Takeoff
Climb
Cruise (Fuel Required)
Gliding Distance
Landing

30. Aircraft Performance Consider certification requirements
Matching the aircraft’s aerodynamic characteristics with the appropriate powerplant(s) provides the necessary performance requirements.
Testing of the different configurations
Aircraft structure design
Two, three, or four engines
Reciprocating engine with propeller
Turbofan engine
Turboprop (turbine engine and propeller)

31. Aircraft Performance Factors
Speed
Range
Runway performance (takeoff and landing distance)
Rate of climb
Ceiling (certified and emergencies)
Payload (passenger and/or cargo)
Dimensions
Weight (empty, maximum, and useful load)
Maneuverability
Stability

32. Aircraft Performance Factors
Life cycle costs
Development
Acquisition
Ownership
Operations and Maintenance
Highest cost
Consider the age of some of the aircraft still flying
Disposal
Economy of operations
Maintenance costs

33. Management of Aeronautical Science
Takeoff Performance
Minimum distance needed for the airplane to lift off the runway
Distance needed to get to a fifty foot altitude (Clear a 50 Ft object at the end of the runway)

34. Takeoff Performance (10-28)
Management of Aeronautical Science
Takeoff Performance (10-28)

35. Management of Aeronautical Science
Takeoff Performance

36. Takeoff Performance Two
Management of Aeronautical Science
Takeoff Performance Two

37. Management of Aeronautical Science
Climb Performance
Maximum Rate of Climb
Time to Climb
Fuel to Climb
Distance to Climb

38. Management of Aeronautical Science
Climb Performance

39. Management of Aeronautical Science
Cruise Performance
Find ideal RPM (proportion of "rated" full-throttle horsepower)
Find Fuel Burn – gallons per hour (GPH) fuel consumption rate
Find Speed for best (longest) range
Find Speed for best (longest) endurance

40. Management of Aeronautical Science
Cruise Performance

41. Management of Aeronautical Science
Gliding Distance
A diagram shows the Glide Speed for best glide
Gliding Range:
Depends on airplane weight
flaps up
no wind
best glide ratio of about 9.1 (Cessna 172)

42. Management of Aeronautical Science
Gliding Distance

43. Management of Aeronautical Science
Landing Performance
Minimum landing roll
Total distance needed to go from altitude 50 feet to a full stop
Level, dry, paved runway
For a given airplane weight
With full flaps
What about landing flaps up, with wind, or on dry grass runways

44. Management of Aeronautical Science
Landing Performance

45. Questions / Comments

46. Propulsion
Let’s explore the very basics of the types of engines and their systems

47. Reciprocating Engines
Internal combustion engine
Converts chemical energy to heat energy to mechanical energy to drive propeller.
Reciprocating action of pistons inside cylinders
3 ways to classify reciprocating engines
Cylinder arrangement
Cooling system type
Lubricating system type

48. Reciprocating Engines
Cylinder arrangement
Inline
Even number of cylinders or all cylinders in a row.
V Type
Cylinders arranged in 2 rows or banks forming the letter "V" with an angle.
Even number of cylinders.

49. Reciprocating Engines
Cylinder arrangement
Opposed or O Type Engines
2 banks of cylinders directly opposite each other.
Vertical or horizontally mounted.
Most widely used in general aviation (GA).
Radial Engines
Consists of a row, or rows of cylinders arranged radially about a central crankcase.
Odd number of cylinders 5, 7, or 9 per row.
May have dual rows (9 cylinders in front and 9 in the back).
Greatest drag of all cylinder arrangements.

50. Reciprocating Engines
FAA. (2008). FAA-H Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge.
p. 6-2

51. Reciprocating Engines
FAA (2012). FAA-H Aviation Maintenance Technician Handbook – Powerplant.
p. 1-5

52. Reciprocating Engines
Cooling system type
Air cooled (fins around the cylinder)
Very common
Liquid cooled (radiator)
Lubricating system type
Wet sump system
Entire oil supply is carried in engine.
Example car engine.
Dry sump system
Independent oil system.
Separate tank and tubing or hose to engine oil pump.

53. Reciprocating Engines
Most of the reciprocating engines used today are 4 stroke engines.
5 events of a 4 stroke engine in the order of occurrence.
Intake
Compression
Ignition
Power
Exhaust

54. Reciprocating Engines
FAA. (2008). FAA-H Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge. p. 6-4

55. Reciprocating Engine Components
Crankcase Section
Foundation of engine
One piece or multi-piece construction
Cylinder
Two main parts of a cylinder are
Cylinder head
Intake and exhaust valves
2 spark plugs
Cylinder barrel
Connected to cylinder head and crankcase
Pistons move up and down in the cylinder
Has compression rings and oil ring

56. Reciprocating Engines
FAA (2012). FAA-H Aviation Maintenance Technician Handbook – Powerplant. p. 1-6

57. Powerplants Reciprocating Engines
1. The intake stroke begins as the piston starts its downward travel.
When this happens, the intake valve opens and the fuel/air mixture is drawn into the cylinder.
SUCK, SQUEEZE, BANG, BLOW.

58. Powerplants Reciprocating Engines
2. The compression stroke begins when the intake valve closes and the piston starts moving back to the top of the cylinder.
This phase of the cycle is used to obtain a much greater power output from the fuel/air mixture once it is ignited.
SUCK, SQUEEZE, BANG, BLOW.

59. Powerplants Reciprocating Engines
3. The power stroke begins when the fuel/air mixture is ignited.
This causes a tremendous pressure increase in the cylinder, and forces the piston downward away from the cylinder head, creating the power that turns the crankshaft.
SUCK, SQUEEZE, BANG, BLOW.

60. Powerplants Reciprocating Engines
4. The exhaust stroke is used to purge the cylinder of burned gases.
It begins when the exhaust valve opens and the piston starts to move toward the cylinder head once again.
SUCK, SQUEEZE, BANG, BLOW.

61. Powerplants Reciprocating Engines
The four-stroke cycle takes place several hundred times each minute.
In a four-cylinder engine, each cylinder operates on a different stroke.

62. Powerplants Reciprocating Engines
Continuous rotation of a crankshaft is maintained by the precise timing of the power strokes in each cylinder.
Continuous operation of the engine depends on auxiliary systems, including the induction, ignition, fuel, oil, cooling, and exhaust systems.

63. Powerplants Reciprocating Engines
The intake/exhaust valves, spark plugs, and pistons are located in the cylinders.
The crankshaft and connecting rods are located in the crankcase.
The magnetos are normally located on the engine accessory housing.

64. Reciprocating Engine Systems
Intake system
Must allow the proper amount of clean air to enter the engine at all operating conditions.
Normally aspirated (nonsupercharged).
May be supercharged.
Supercharger driven by engine
Turbocharger (driven by exhaust gases).
Carburetor heat system prevents ice from forming.
Alternate air valve is used to select heat or no heat.
14 CFR Part 23 each reciprocating engine air induction system must have a means to remove and eliminate ice.

65. Reciprocating Engines Systems
FAA. (2008). FAA-H Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge. p. 6-13

66. Reciprocating Engines Systems
Exhaust System
Dispose of exhaust gases away from engine and aircraft.
Exhaust pipes
Mufflers
Cracks are most common exhaust system problem.
Cooling
Air cooled (fins around the cylinder)
Liquid cooled (radiator)

67. Reciprocating Engines Systems
FAA. (2008). FAA-H Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical
Knowledge. p. 6-17

68. Reciprocating Engines Systems
Engine oil system
Function
Lubricates (reduces friction)
Cools (oil absorbs heat and carries it away)
Seal and cushions shock
Cleans
Protects against corrosion  
Components
Oil tank (may have a Reserve Oil Tank)
Filter
Oil pumps (main and scavenge)
Oil cooler and control valve
Airflow controls (oil cooler flap)

69. Reciprocating Engines Systems
FAA. (2008). FAA-H Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge. p. 6-16

70. Reciprocating Engines Systems
Fuel Feed Systems
Fuel comes from the aircraft fuel supply system.
Different types of fuel are used depending upon engine.
Supply fuel to carburetor under all altitudes, attitudes, and temperatures.
Components
Low pressure filter
Engine driven fuel pump
High pressure filter
Fuel metering system (Throttle)
Float carburetor, pressure carburetor, or fuel injection system.
Mixture Control System (Flight deck controlled)
Mixture control and fuel shutoff .

71. Reciprocating Engines Systems
FAA. (2008). FAA-H Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge. p. 6-25

72. Reciprocating Engines Systems
FAA. (2008). FAA-H Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge. p. 6-11

73. Reciprocating Engines Systems
Engine Ignition Systems
Dual type ignition system
Two independent systems = if one system fails, engine will operate on the other ignition system.
Components
Ignition Switch in flight deck
Controls left or right ignition systems, both, or shutoff.
Magnetos (2 separate or dual in one magneto housing)
Self‑contained magneto which supplies the electrical energy for the ignition system.
Once engine starts, magnetos do not need an aircraft battery.
Coils – step up electricity (step up transformer)
May be located inside magneto or separate for each spark plug.
Distributor – distributes spark to spark plugs.
Spark plugs – two plugs per cylinder.

74. Reciprocating Engines Systems
FAA. (2008). FAA-H Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge. p. 6-15

75. Questions / Comments

76. Turbojet Engine Manufacturers usually have core sections
Compressor
Combustion
Turbine
Compressor (2 basic types)
Axial flow (Air travels parallel with axis of rotation)
Centrifugal flow
Auxiliary Power Unit (APUs)
Combustion Section
Provides for proper mixing of fuel‑air mixture.
Located between compressor and turbine section.
Fuel added to air creates heat energy.
Turbine Section
Extract kinetic energy from expanding exhaust gases.
Drive compressor section.

77. Turbofan Engine Fan is driven from the compressor section.
Fan provides a majority of the thrust.
Axial flow compressor is normally used
Dual spool compressor
N2 driven from turbine section
Coupling shaft and exhaust gases
Starter
Fuel pump and fuel control
Located in front of the compressor section
N1 driven from turbine exhaust gases
Drives the fan
Located in front of N2 compressor

78. Turbofan Engine
Fan
FAA. (2008). FAA-H Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge. p. 6-21

79. Dual Spool Compressor
FAA (2012). FAA-H Aviation Maintenance Technician Handbook – Powerplant. p. 1-51