1. Review For Exam 1 (September 16, 2015)
BUS Abdou Illia, Fall 2015

2. Introduction to Information Systems

3. Summary Questions Distinguish between Data and Information
Notes
Distinguish between Data and Information
2) List/Explain main components of an information system
3) What is the difference between Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) and Decision Support Systems (DSS) in terms of their targeted users?
What is the difference between Decision Support Systems (DSS) and Executive Information Systems (EIS) in terms of their target users.
What is the difference between Chief Information Officer and Chief Security Officer?
What is a Chief Knowledge Officer responsible for?
(a) What are the major components in a DSS? (b) What is the function of each?
What is an Expert System? What are the main components of an Expert system? What is a knowledge engineer?

4. Data versus Information
Data – raw facts that represent the characteristics of an event
Example 1:
Event: High temperature
Data: 100° F
Example 2:
Event: Sale
Data: Sale’s date, item number, item description, etc.
Information – facts within a given context
The temperature today at noon in Times Square, NYC was 100° F
Monday’s total sales for item #0001 is $ I P O

5. Information Systems
A set of interrelated information technologies that work together to collect, store, process, and distribute information
Major components of information systems
Hardware (physical parts of a computer or other computing devices)
Software (Instructions that tell hardware what to do)
Databases (Software that enables storage/retrieval of data)
Networks (Computing devices that communicate with each other)
People
Information technology (IT): Computer-based tool that people use to work with information and support the information and information-processing needs of an organization
Information Technologies

6. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN IT
Information Technology is a relatively new functional area, having only been around formally for around 40 years
Recent IT strategic positions include:
Chief Information Officer (CIO)
Chief Technology Officer (CTO)
Chief Security Officer (CSO)
Chief Privacy Officer (CPO)
Chief Knowledge Officer (CKO)

7. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN IT
Chief Information Officer (CIO)
Oversees all uses of IT
Ensures the strategic alignment of IT with business goals and objectives
Chief Security Officer (CSO)
Responsible for ensuring the security of IT systems
Responsible for developing security policies and strategies
Responsible for controlling implementation of security policies and strategies
Chief Knowledge Officer (CKO)
Responsible for collecting, maintaining, and distributing the organization’s knowledge
Responsible for supervising the implementation of knowledge systems

8. Administrative Information Systems
Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
Basic business system that serves the operational level (analysts) in an organization
Office Automation Systems (OAS)
Systems designed to help office workers in doing their job.
Decision Support Systems (DSS)
Systems designed to support middle managers and business professionals during the decision-making process
Executive Information Systems (EIS)
Specialized DSS that help senior level executives make decisions.

9. DSS structure Designed to help middle managers make decisions
Major components
Data management subsystem
Internal and external data sources
Model management subsystem
Typically mathematical in nature
User interface
How the people interact with the DSS
Data visualization is the key
Text
Graphs
Charts
User Interface
Model Management
- Sensitivity Analysis > What-if Analysis
-> Goal-seeking Analysis
Data Management
- Transactional Data - Data warehouse - Business partners data - Economic data

10. DSS’ Model Management Tools
Simulation is used to examine proposed solutions and their impact
Sensitivity analysis
Determine how changes in one part of the model influence other parts of the model
What-if analysis
Manipulate variables to see what would happen in given scenarios
Goal-seeking analysis
Work backward from desired outcome
Determine monthly payment given various interest rates.
Works backward from a given monthly payment to determine various loans that would give that payment.

11. Expert Systems Components
Knowledge base: database of the expertise, often in IF THEN rules.
Inference engine: derives recommendations from knowledge base and problem-specific data
User interface: controls the dialog between the user and the system
Explanation system: Explain the how and why of recommendations
User
IF family is albatross AND color is white
THEN bird is laysan albatross.
IF family is albatross AND color is dark
THEN bird is black footed albatross
Example of rules
Domain Expert
User Interface
Expertise
System Engineer
Inference Engine
Knowledge Engineer
Encoded expertise
Knowledge base
Explanation System
- Knowledge engineer codify the human expert’s expertise into the systems’ knowledge base. - System engineer is the IT professional who develop the user interface, the inference engine, and the explanation system.

12. Hardware Technology

13. Summary Questions Name five (3) computer input devices
Notes
Name five (3) computer input devices
2) Name three (3) computer output devices
3) What computer devices can be used for both input and output?
What is the difference between: (a) a Kilobyte and a Gigabyte? (b) a Megabyte and a Gigabyte?
(a) Name main components of the Processing subsystem. (b) What is the function of the ALU? ICU?
Explain the difference between RAM and ROM.
Describe the various types of computers.
Distinguish between primary and secondary storage

14. Processing subsystem
Motherboard: chipset that all components connect to
Two major components in processing subsys.
CPU (Central Processing Unit) or Processor(s)
Primary Storage:
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Read Only Memory (ROM)
CPU
Busses that transfer data
Primary Storage

15. Central Processing Unit
Processor
Clock
Instruction Control Unit
Arithmetic Logic Unit
Registers
Clock: generate time that synchronize other components
ICU: Fetches instructions from RAM
ALU: Execute instructions (arithmetic & logic operations)
Registers: Store control information, data, intermediate results

16. Primary Storage Computer’s memory stored on semiconductor chips
Two categories:
RAM (Random Access Memory) which is volatile
Synchronous Dynamic RAM (SDRAM)
Double Data Rate SDRAM or DDR SDRAM
ROM (Read-Only Memory) which is non-volatile
Capacity in Megabytes (MB) or Gigabytes (GB)
Primary Storage
RAM
RAM holds running programs and the data they use
ROM contains critical programs such as those that boot the computer
Program
Data
ROM

17. Front Side Bus and Northbridge
CPU
Front Side Bus
RAM
Northbridge (Memory Controller)
AGP Video Card
PCI bus
Southbridge (Memory Controller)
Real Time Clock
USB
Other devices
FSB: bi-directional data bus carrying data b/w CPU and Northbridge
FSB speed is measured in Hz; e.g. 800 MHz FSB

18. Terminology
Dot pitch
Pixel
Screen resolution

19. Make sure you can answer Hardware Review Questions answered in class
Make sure you can answer Hardware Review Questions answered in class. They are posted to the Review section of the course website.

20. Software

21. Summary Questions What are the two main types of software?
2) What are the three types of systems software?
3) What are the main functions of an operating system?
(a) Name some Operating Systems. (b) Name some Application software programs.
What does Multiprogramming mean? Virtual memory?
What are utility programs used for?
In addition, make sure you can answer Software Review Questions answered in class. They are posted to the Review section of the course website.

22. Relationship of software to hardware

23. Main Types of Software Application software
Programs that allow users to accomplish specific tasks
Examples
Word processing
Web browser
Tax preparation
Data management
Desktop publishing
Groupware
Presentation graphics
Programming editors
Spreadsheet

24. Operating Systems (OS)
Software platform on which other programs run
Provides a connection between application programs and the computer hardware
Major tasks
Starting the computer
Managing files
Keeping track of where files are located
Maintaining a table of file entries
Etc.
Managing Programs and Memory (RAM)
Sending programs to the CPU
Allocating primary storage (RAM) to programs
Controlling devices that programs requires
Ensuring security
Providing a user interface

25. OS: Multiprogramming

26. OS: Virtual Memory
A technique that “extends” primary memory (RAM) by using secondary storage devices
Needed when there is not enough RAM to hold programs

27. Utility Software Accomplish common tasks and maintenance jobs
Disk Defragmentation, Disk Optimization
Virus protection
Edit the Windows registry
Remove Web cookies from HDD
Encrypt data
File and data recovery
Spyware
Program Uninstaller

28. Database Systems

29. Summary Questions
Notes
What is a table, a field, a record, a primary key, a composite key?
2) What are the problems with traditional file systems?
3) What are the major components of a DBMS?
(a) Name some Desktop DBMSs. (b) Name some Enterprise DBMSs.
What are the differences between Flat File and Relational database models?
What are the steps for Database development?
Types of attributes and relationships handled by the relational database system.
In addition, make sure you can answer Database Review Questions answered in class. They are posted to the Review section of the course website.

30. Basic Concepts of Data Management
Accounts table
AccountID
Customer
Type
Balance
660001
John Smith
Checking
$120.00
660002
Linda Martin
Saving $
660003
Paul Graham $
Each table has:
Fields
Records
1 Primary key
Table
Two-dimensional structure composed of rows and columns
Field
Like a column in a spreadsheet
Field name
Like a column name in a spreadsheet
Examples: AccountID, Customer, Type, Balance
Field values
Actual data for the field
Record
Set of fields that describe an entity (a person, an account, etc.)
Primary key
A field, or group of fields, that uniquely identifies a record

31. Basic Concepts in Data Management
A Primary key could be a single field like in this table
A Primary key could be a composite key, i.e. multiple fields

32. Entity An entity, sometimes called a table, could be a person a place
a thing
a transaction
an event

33. Attributes
Also called fields or columns, Attributes are characteristics of an entity.
An entity identifier is the attribute that ensures that each instance of the entity is unique

34. Types of attributes There are several types of attributes, including:
Simple versus composite.
Single-valued versus multi-valued.
Stored versus derived.
Null-valued.
When creating a relational database, the attributes in the data model must be single-valued.
Example: a customer with more than one phone number

35. Relationships
The relationships stored in a database are between instances of entities.
One-to-One (1:1)
An instance of entity A can be related to only one instance of entity B
One-to-Many (1:M)
An instance of entity B can be related to many instances of entity A

36. Relationships (cont)
The relational model cannot handle Many-to-Many (M:M) relationships directly
It is limited to 1:1 and 1:M relationships
M:M relationships need to be replaced with a collection 1:M relationships