1. “Phonological Errors”
SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
“Phonological Errors” By
Junias Polin
I Made Puriana
Albertus M Adhi

2. Phonological Errors

3. Phonological Errors Definition:
Phonological errors are made on an occasional basis by all speakers.(Carroll, David (1986).)They occur more often when speakers are nervous, tired, anxious or intoxicated. Speech sound disorders may be subdivided into two primary types, articulation disorders (also called phonetic Errors) and phonemic disorders. These errors can be committed nonprofessional speakers and even hosts often make speech errors because they are under stress. Some speakers seem to be more prone to speech errors than others.

4. Introduction
Phonological disorder: difficulties developing and using the sounds of one’s native language
Characterized by multiple errors in articulation of speech sounds, resulting in mild to severe unintelligibility
Manifests during the developmental period for speech-sound acquisition.
Often accompany physical and developmental disabilities, but in majority of cases, the cause is unknown

5. Phonological Disorders Classification
1) Difficulty with expressive phonology
2) Lack of phonological awareness
3) Poor verbal working memory
4) Problems with word learning and retrieval

6. /pat/ for fat /pine/ for vine /tear/ for chair /dob/ for job
Substitution Errors When one class of sounds is replaced for another class of sounds.
Stopping (Stop) - When a child substitutes a stop (b, p, d, t, g, k) for a fricative (s, z, f, v, th's, h, sh,and zh as in measure).
Examples:
/pat/ for fat
/pine/ for vine 
/tear/ for chair
/dob/ for job 
/take/ for shake
/tope/ for soap
/pum/ for thumb

7. Examples /tear/ for chair /sop/ for chop /karm/ for charm
Deaffrication
 When a child replaces an affricate (ch, dz as in judge) with a stop (b, p, d, t, g, k) or a fricative (s, z, f, v,th's, h, sh, and zh as in measure).
Examples
/tear/ for chair
/sop/ for chop
/karm/ for charm
/dob/ for job
/dim/ for gym
/zan/ for Jan

8. Velar Fronting (VF) Examples /top/ for cop /reen/ for ring
When a child replaces a velar sound (k, g, ng) with a sound that is made toward the front of the mouth.  Fronting usually happens more often in the beginning of words compared to the end.
Examples
/top/ for cop
/reen/ for ring 
/tup/ for cup 
/doh/ for go 
/tum/ for gum

9. Depalatalization (Dep)
When a child substitutes an alveolar fricative (s, z) for a palatal fricative (sh, and zh as in measure).
Examples
/tek/ for check 
/matsiz/ for matches
/dudz/ for judge
/dane/ for Jane

10. Backing Examples /kop/ for top /hope/ for soap /gime/ for dime
When a child substitutes a front sound (t, d) with a back sound (k, g). *This occurs in children with severe phonological disorders.
Examples
/kop/ for top 
/hope/ for soap
/gime/ for dime
/bike/ for bite

11. Liquid Gliding (LG) Examples /wabbit/ for rabbit /wook/ for look
When a child substitutes a glide sound (w, y) for a liquid sound (r, l). This can also occur in consonant clusters.
Examples
/wabbit/ for rabbit 
/wook/ for look
/wing/ for ring
/yeef/ for leaf
/bwed/ for bread 
/gween/ for green 
/bwack/ for black
/gwas/ for glass

12. Vocalization (Voc) Examples /simpo/ for simple /abuh/ for able
This is also known as vowelization and happens when a child substitutes a vowel for a syllabic liquid.
Examples
/simpo/ for simple 
/abuh/ for able
/tabo/ for table
/papo/ for paper

13. Syllable Structure Processes
Unstressed Syllable Deletion (USD) - When a child doesn't say the syllable with the least amount of stress.
/medo/ for tomato
/tefon/ for telephone 
/efant/ for elephant 
/nana/ for banana 
/side/ for outside 

14. Reduplication (Redup)
When a child repeats a syllable of a target word which creates a multi-syllabic word form. (Reduplication can be Total or Partial.)
Examples
Total
/baba/ for bottle 
/dada/ for dog
/tata/ for television 
Examples
Partial
/bada/ for bottle
/dadi/ for dog
/tatu/ for television

15. Dimunization (Dim) Examples /cup-ee/ for cup /book-ee/ for book
When a child adds an "-ee" and sometimes a consonant + "-ee" to a target word.
Examples
/cup-ee/ for cup 
/book-ee/ for book
/doll-ee/ for doll

16. Conclusion Phonological vs. Articulation Disorders:
Articulation emphasized problems resulting from motor problem impacting articulators; treatment focused on “speech correction”
Phonological emphasizes problem resulting from delays in the maturation of the underlying phonological system; treatment focuses on building and re-organizing phonological representations

17. THANK YOU
HAVE A NICE DAY