1. Tissues, Organs, and Systems of Living Things
UNIT 1
Tissues, Organs, and Systems of Living Things
Chapter 1: Cells and More Cells
Chapter 2: Plants: From Cells to Systems
Chapter 3: Animals: From Cells to Systems

2. Animals: From Cells to Systems
CHAPTER 3
Animals: From Cells to Systems
In this chapter you will investigate how:
the cells in animals become specialized
unspecialized cells replace and repair damaged tissues
organs coordinate the actions of tissues and work together in systems
medical technologies and health strategies affect public health
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3. Skin: More Than a Covering
(Page 83)
Skin, our body’s largest organ, is composed of a variety of specialized tissues and cells.
oil gland
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4. 3.1 Cells and Tissues
(Page 85)
Most of the trillion cells that make up the human body are specialized to do certain tasks. The three main factors that influence the differentiation of these cells are:
the contents of the cell’s cytoplasm
environmental conditions, such as temperature
the influence of neighbouring cells
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5. Cell Specialization: Cytoplasm Content
(Page 85)
Differences between the cells in an amoeba and cells in a blue whale are related to differences in cytoplasm content.
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6. Cell Specialization: Environmental Conditions (Page 86)
On the cat pictured below, dark- and light-coloured hair developed when skin cells experienced warm or cool temperatures during cell differentiation.
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7. Cell Specialization: Neighbouring Cells
(Page 86)
In this chick embryo, neighbouring cells influence the development of the eye in a specific location.
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8. Cell Specialization: Abnormal Cell Development
(Page 87)
The production of abnormal cells is often linked to: environmental conditions, such as the presence of chemical contaminants, temperature changes, diseases, and parasites, that are present during cell development.
Similar cell conditions form similar cells.
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9. Types of Tissues
(Page 88)
Tissue: a cluster of similar cells that share the same specialized structure and function. There are only four main types of tissue: epithelial, muscle, nervous, and connective.
Epithelial Tissue
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10. Types of Tissues Muscle Tissue (Page 88)
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11. Types of Tissues Nervous Tissue (Page 89)
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12. Types of Tissues Connective Tissue (Page 89)
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13. Stem Cells
(Page 90)
Stem Cell: an unspecialized cell that can produce various specialized cells
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14. Uses of Stem Cells
(Page 91)
Embryonic stem cells are unspecialized cells that can become any one of an organism’s body cells, making them valuable for research and medical treatment.
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15. Concepts to be reviewed:
Section 3.1 Review
(Page 92)
Concepts to be reviewed:
the factors affecting cell specialization (cytoplasm contents, environmental factors, and neighbouring cell secretions)
the four types of tissues (muscle, epithelial, nervous, and connective)
the potential and ethical concerns over the production or harvesting of stem cells
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16. 3.2 Group Work
In groups of 4, research and write notes on one of the human systems. I will photocopy and give it to everyone in class.

17. 3.2 Organs and Systems
(Page 93)
An organ is a combination of several types of tissue working together to perform a specific function.
With respect to the human body, a system is a group of tissues and organs that perform specific functions.
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18. Medical Imaging Technologies
(Page 94)
Medical imaging technologies are techniques used to form an image of a body’s internal cells, tissues, and organs.
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19. Endoscopy
(Page 95)
Endoscopy involves inserting a flexible tube containing a tiny camera and light into a patient’s body. Compare the two images of an ulcer shown below.
The image the left was obtained using a barium X ray. The image on the right was obtained using an endoscope. The X ray exposes the patient to radiation. The endoscope does not.
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20. CELLS TISSUES ORGANS SYSTEMS
The Body’s Organization
With respect to complexity, the human body is organized from:
CELLS TISSUES ORGANS SYSTEMS
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21. Your body has 11 organ systems that keep you alive and healthy.
Human Organ Systems
(Page 96)
Your body has 11 organ systems that keep you alive and healthy.
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22. The Respiratory System
(Page 103)
Gas exchange in the body takes place in the respiratory system. Air is inhaled, and oxygen is extracted and absorbed by the blood. Carbon dioxide leaves the blood and is exhaled.
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23. The Respiratory System: Gas Exchange
(Page 104)
Gas exchange between the respiratory and circulatory systems occurs in the alveoli.
Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that allows oxygen to attach to molecules.
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24. The Respiratory System: Disease
(Page 105)
The most common cause of respiratory disease is cigarette smoking. The chemicals and foreign particles present in cigarette smoke damage the lung’s ability to exchange gases.
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25. Comparing Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
(Page 105)
Frogs have a 3-chambered heart where humans have a 4-chambered heart.
Fish have a completely different system altogether.
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26. The Digestive System
(Pages 97-99)
The digestive system breaks down food both mechanically and chemically in order to release nutrient molecules that the body’s cells can absorb and use.
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27. The Digestive System: Transfer of Nutrients
(Page 98)
The villi within the small intestine are where nutrients are absorbed into the blood. They help increase the surface area to increase absorption.
Accessory organs – food does not pass through, produce and/or secrete gastric juices that aid in the process of digestion (liver, gall bladder & pancreas)
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28. The Excretory System
(Page 99)
The excretory system processes and eliminates liquid wastes from the body. The excretory system interacts with the digestive and circulatory systems.
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29. The Circulatory System
(Page 100)
The circulatory system absorbs and transports nutrients and oxygen to cells and carries wastes to the organs responsible for eliminating them from the body.
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30. The Circulatory System: The Heart
(Page 100)
The heart is the organ that pumps the blood throughout the body.
The four chambers of the heart are the left and right atriums and the left and right ventricles.
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31. The Circulatory System: Arteries and Veins
(Page 102)
Arteries carry blood AWAY from the heart to all body parts.
Veins carry blood from body parts back TO the heart.
Capillaries are extremely small, thin-walled blood vessels that connect organs, tissues, and cells to the circulatory system.
Flow of blood
Thick muscle wall
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32. The Circulatory System: Disease
(Page 102)
The most common causes of circulatory system disease are hypertension (high blood pressure) and arteriosclerosis (a thickening of the walls of the arteries). Each can cause blood clots to form.
A heart attack occurs when a blood clot breaks free and blocks a blood vessel (artery) in the heart.
A stroke occurs when a blood clot breaks free and blocks a blood vessel in the brain.
Healthy (left) versus clogged (right) arteries.
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33. The Circulatory System: Angioplasty
(Page 103)
An angioplasty is a medical procedure designed to open up a clogged blood vessel. The procedure involves inserting a small balloon into the blood vessel and inflating it.
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34. Skeletal Muscles and Motion
(Page 106)
The interaction between the human skeleton and the muscles attached to it allows us to move parts of our bodies.
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35. Concepts to be reviewed:
Section 3.2 Review
(Page 107)
Concepts to be reviewed:
the use of medical imaging
11 human organ systems interact to perform essential tasks
the components of the digestive system and their functions
the function of the excretory system
the components of the circulatory system and their functions
the components of the respiratory system and their functions
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36. 3.3 Maintaining Healthy Systems
Learning Objectives
To learn about different biophotonics methods
To understand how we can maintain healthy body systems
Keywords:
Biophotonics
Public Health Strategy
Vaccination
Cancer Screening

37. TASK: brainstorm
4 minutes
Name 3 different traditional medical treatments people used in the past.
Have you tried any? If so, what for? Did it work?
End
Homeopathy, chinese acupuncture, first nations people used plant bark to make tea to treat scurvy (lack of vitamin C)

38. Advances In medical technology
(Page 108)
Advances In medical technology
The development of new medical procedures and technologies, such as those of biophotonics, are currently being used by healthcare practitioners to prevent and treat a wide range of diseases and conditions.
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39. Medical Technologies: Biophotonics
(Page 108)
The field of biophotonics relates to the use of procedures and devices that use various light technologies to work with living systems, including human systems.
The use of endoscopes to view internal structures and the use of lasers to conduct eye surgery are examples of biophotonics.
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40. Medical Technologies: Prenatal Care
(Page 109)
Doesn’t mean you do it as much as you want, only do it when necessary.
The waves don’t go too deep.
Ultrasound technology allows doctors to safely monitor the development of a fetus.
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41. VIDEO: Ultrasound

42. Preventative Health Care
(Page 109)
Public health strategies are co-ordinated efforts to track, research, and reduce the incidence of specific health problems in a population.
Vaccination, the process of giving a vaccine by mouth or injection, provides active immunity against a disease.

43. Fighting Infectious Disease
(Page 110)
Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens such as viruses, and some kinds of bacteria and fungi.
When a pathogen enters the body (cuts or open wounds), a flow of fluid with white blood cells, called phagocytes, is sent to the site of the infection.
The phagocyte fights the pathogens, as shown on the picture above.
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44. Stopping The Spread of Disease
(Page 112)
When vaccines are not available to control infectious diseases, a variety of public health strategies can be used to control their spread.
TASK
Read pages 112 and 113 and make notes on SARS, AIDS and West Nile Virus on your notebook.
10 minutes
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45. Cancer Prevention: Screening
(Page 114)
Cancer screening tests can detect cancer cells at an early stage of the disease so that it can be treated more effectively.
Mammogram
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46. Cancer Prevention: Lifestyle Choices
(Page 114)
Diet
Physical Activity
Weight Control
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47. TASK
Read the Case Study on page 110. Answer questions 1, 2 and 3 on page 111. For question 3, make the pamphlet and hand it in next class. 

48. Concepts to be reviewed:
Section 3.3 Review
(Page 115)
Concepts to be reviewed:
the technologies involved in the diagnosis and treatment of abnormalities in tissues, organs, and systems
the public health strategies for improving the health of Canadians
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