2. Making Hydrogen with Nuclear Energy for Liquid Fuels
Charles Bolthrunis
Process Consultant
Shaw Energy & Chemicals
NHA Annual Hydrogen Conference
Sacramento, CA
April 2, 2008

3. Roadmap Hydrocarbon processing needs Pieces to the puzzle
Heat source
Water splitting process
Coal and gas to liquids process
The driver: comparison of fuels
Integration strategies
The liquid fuels market and the price of crude
Study cases, results and sensitivities

4. Getting to the Hydrogen Economy
The Perfect is the enemy of the Good
Hydrocarbon fuels will be with us for a long time to come
Needs:
Reduce CO2
Conserve hydrocarbon resources
Add carbon-free energy to fuel production by means of Hydrogen

5. The Nuclear Answer Hydrocarbon processing needs:
Hydrogen
Energy
Centralized supply
Carbon dioxide reduction
Best answered by a high-temperature nuclear heat source

6. Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR)

7. Important PBMR Features
Inherent safety allows siting close to process facilities
High temperature good for reforming applications
Non-reactive helium heat transfer medium can be used in process equipment
Small size (500MWth) is appropriate for many applications

8. Hybrid Sulfur Cycle

9. Coal and Gas-to-Liquids Chemistry
CH (coal) + H2O  1½ H2 + CO
(Steam Gasification)
CO + H2O  H2 + CO2
(Water Gas Shift)
CH4 + H2O  CO + 3H2
(Steam Methane Reforming)

10. Coal and Gas-to-Liquids Flowsheet

11. Comparison of Fuels

12. Nuclear Coal- and Gas-to-Liquids

13. Nuclear Coal- and Gas-to-Liquids Savings

14. Gasoline Pump Price Contributors

15. Crude Oil and Gasoline Price Relationship

16. Gasoline from Coal (H2 from Coal)
Syngas
Water Gas Shift
Acid Gas Removal
Coal H2
Gasifiers
Syngas
Fischer Tropsch
Coal
Gasoline O2

17. Gasoline from Coal and Natural Gas (H2 from Natural Gas)
Syngas
Acid Gas Removal
Natural Gas
SMR
Syngas
Syngas
Fischer Tropsch
Coal
Gasifiers
Gasoline O2

18. Gasoline from Coal and Nuclear SMR (H2 from NG)
Natural Gas
Syngas
SMR
Nuclear
Syngas
Fischer Tropsch
Coal
Gasifiers
Gasoline O2 O2

19. Gasoline from Coal and Nuclear Water Splitting (H2 from Nuclear)
Syngas
Fischer Tropsch
Coal
Gasifiers
Gasoline

20. Study Parameters Crude price: $100 per barrel
Carbon penalty: $50 per ton CO2
Cost of hydrogen : $5 per kg
Cost of nuclear heat: $7 per million BTU

21. Comparison of Gasoline Pump Price Contributions

22. CTL Processing Margin

23. NG+CTL Processing Margin

24. Nuclear CTL Processing Margin

25. Take-aways
Nuclear energy can reduce the carbon foot print of hydrocarbon fuels in the not too distant future
Current crude prices leave a large margin for the economic development of synthetic fuels including incorporating nuclear energy
Nuclear hydrogen looks competitive for synfuels applications at about $4.50/kg

26. THANK YOU